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The Future of Hydrogen Chapter 2: Producing hydrogen and hydrogen-based products Costs of hydrogen production from natural gas Figure 9. The production cost of hydrogen from natural gas is influenced by various technical and economic factors, with gas prices and capital expenditure (CAPEX) being the two most important. Fuel costs are the largest cost component in all regions and account for between 45% and 75% of production costs (Figure 9). Low gas prices in the Middle East, the Russian Federation, and North America give rise to some of the lowest hydrogen production costs. Gas importers such as Japan, Korea, China and India have to contend with higher gas import prices, and that makes for higher hydrogen production costs. Hydrogen production costs using natural gas in different regions, 2018 Notes: kgH2 = kilogram of hydrogen; OPEX = operational expenditure. CAPEX in 2018: SMR without CCUS = USD 500–900 per kilowatt hydrogen (kWH2), SMR with CCUS = USD 900–1 600/kWH2, with ranges due to regional differences. Gas price = USD 3–11 per million British thermal units (MBtu) depending on the region. More information on the underlying assumptions is available at www.iea.org/hydrogen2019. Source: IEA 2019. All rights reserved. Availability of low-cost gas is a crucial cost determinant for SMR-based hydrogen. Adding CCUS to SMR plants leads, on average, to cost increases of some 50% for CAPEX and some 10% for fuel, with the exact amounts depending on the design. It also leads on average to a doubling of OPEX as a result of CO2 transport and storage costs. In the most promising regions, however, costs for hydrogen from SMR with CCUS are in the range of USD 1.4–1.5/kgH2, making it one of the lowest cost low-carbon hydrogen production routes (see section “Comparison between alternative hydrogen production pathways” in this chapter.for a comparison with other production technologies). Hydrogen from water and electricity Water electrolysis is an electrochemical process that splits water into hydrogen and oxygen. Less than 0.1% of dedicated hydrogen production globally comes from water electrolysis today, and the hydrogen produced by this means is mostly used in markets where high-purity hydrogen is necessary (for example, electronics and polysilicon). In addition to the hydrogen PAGE | 42 IEA. All rights reserved.PDF Image | The Future of Hydrogen 2019
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