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The Future of Hydrogen Chapter 2: Producing hydrogen and hydrogen-based products Figure 18. Comparison of hydrogen production costs from electricity and natural gas with CCUS in the near term Notes: More information on the underlying assumptions is available at www.iea.org/hydrogen2019. Source: IEA 2019. All rights reserved. Depending on local gas prices, electricity at USD 10- 40/MWh and at full load hours of around 4 000 hours are needed for water electrolysis to become cost-competitive with natural gas with CCUS. The impact of renewable electricity and gas costs on hydrogen production costs becomes apparent when looking at specific countries (Figure 19). In countries with good renewable resources, but dependent on natural gas imports, in particular in the form of liquefied natural gas, producing hydrogen from renewables may be cheaper than producing it from natural gas, while production from natural gas with CCUS may be the cheaper option in regions with cheap domestic gas resources and CO2 storage availability. Other factors are also relevant to the choice between alternative low-carbon hydrogen production options. For hydrogen production from fossil fuels in combination with CO2 storage, the geological availability and public acceptance of CO2 storage are prerequisites. For water electrolysis, access to adequate supplies of water is a prerequisite, even if the costs for water treatment (e.g. seawater desalination) are only a small fraction of the total hydrogen production costs. Countries could also consider importing hydrogen or hydrogen-based products if they are available at a lower price than domestic alternatives, as discussed in more detail in Chapter 3. From an investment viewpoint, the scale of investment is also relevant. While CCUS plants require a certain scale to justify the investment in CO2 transport and storage infrastructure, electrolysers operate at a smaller scale using more modular technology, which can be gradually expanded and adjusted to demand. For example, the H21 North of England project in the UK plans to produce hydrogen from twelve ATR units with CCUS, each with a capacity of around 1 350 MWH2 and requiring an investment of around USD 945 million per unit, whereas the largest electrolyser module offered today is 20 MWe (14 MWH2), requiring investment of around USD 18 million (or USD 280 million for 220 MWH2). PAGE | 54 IEA. All rights reserved.PDF Image | The Future of Hydrogen 2019
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