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The Future of Hydrogen Chapter 2: Producing hydrogen and hydrogen-based products produce ammonia from renewable electricity. For example, a commercial-scale ammonia plant with a production capacity of 50 tonnes ammonia per day and an electrolyser capacity of 30 MWe is being built in Port Lincoln in South Australia, and will be powered by wind and solar electricity (Ammonia Industry, 2018). Synthetic hydrocarbons Figure 21. Hydrogen can be combined with CO2 to produce synthetic hydrocarbons such as methane, or synthetic liquid fuels such as methanol, diesel, gasoline and jet fuel. Some of these products have higher energy densities than hydrogen or ammonia: Synthetic methane: This can be directly produced from CO2 and hydrogen in a methanation process. Applications of the methanation process today rely mostly on catalytic (thermochemical) methanation. Biological methanation is also possible, in which microorganisms in an anaerobic environment convert hydrogen and CO2 into methane, but this is at an earlier stage of development. The majority of the projects for hydrogen-based fuels and feedstocks have so far been aimed at producing synthetic methane, with almost 70 demonstration plants (Figure 21). Most of these are located in Germany and other European countries. Number of new projects for making various hydrogen-based fuels and feedstocks from electrolytic hydrogen Sources: IEA analysis based on Chehade et al. (2019), “Review and analysis of demonstration projects on Power-to-X pathways in the world”, IEA (2018), World Energy Investment, and the World Energy Council (2018), “Hydrogen an enabler of the Grand Transition” and data provided by IEA Hydrogen Technology Collaboration Programme. The majority of the pilot and demonstration projects for hydrogen-based fuels and feedstocks produce synthetic methane. Synthetic diesel or kerosene: The production of synthetic diesel or kerosene requires hydrogen and carbon monoxide as inputs. Since carbon monoxide is generally not easily available, CO2 can be used instead. This CO2 is first converted into carbon monoxide, and the resulting synthesis gas of carbon monoxide and hydrogen is then converted (via PAGE | 57 IEA. All rights reserved.PDF Image | The Future of Hydrogen 2019
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