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The Future of Hydrogen Chapter 2: Producing hydrogen and hydrogen-based products Figure 23. Synthetic diesel and methane production costs and CO2 price penalty needed for competitiveness with fossil diesel and natural gas in the long term Notes: FLH: full load hours. Left axes show the production cost for synthetic diesel and methane, while the right axes show the CO2 price needed to reach competitiveness with fossil diesel at USD 75/bbl and with natural gas at USD 10/MBtu. More information on the underlying assumptions is available at www.iea.org/hydrogen2019. Source: IEA 2019. All rights reserved. A combination of low electricity costs and high CO2 prices is needed to make synthetic diesel and methane competitive with fossil crude oil and natural gas. Box 6. Production of hydrogen and ammonia from solar and wind in China Developing cost-effective hydrogen supply chains requires location-specific aspects of the different technology options to be taken into account. This applies to the production of both hydrogen and hydrogen-based products. China provides an example: it has abundant renewable energy resources that are often located in vast sparsely populated regions far away from large industrial clusters. In some places, renewable energy has been deployed so rapidly that electricity networks have had difficulty adapting in real time. This has provided an opportunity for producers of hydrogen and hydrogen-rich chemicals to tap into renewable resources. Ammonia production is one opportunity given that China is the world’s largest user of nitrogen fertilisers, consuming 46 Mt per year. A detailed economic assessment by the IEA, based on hourly solar and wind data over a year in five locations across different provinces, suggests hydrogen can be produced at a cost of USD 2– 2.3/kgH2. In some provinces the lowest production costs are reached by using only solar (Qinghai) or wind (Hebei and Fujian), while in Xinjiang and Tibet performance is best with a combination of the two. PAGE | 62 IEA. All rights reserved.PDF Image | The Future of Hydrogen 2019
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