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The Future of Hydrogen Chapter 2: Producing hydrogen and hydrogen-based products Estimated hydrogen production costs from solar and wind in China, 2020 Source: IEA 2019. All rights reserved. The search for the optimal format for ammonia production based on variable renewables is more complex. Calculating the appropriate size of solar and wind capacity involves taking account of the size of the electrolysers, the hydrogen buffer storage and of the Haber-Bosch loop, as well as the use of more costly “firm-up” electricity to run the Haber-Bosch loop continuously. In all provinces a mix of solar and wind is needed for best performance, despite cost differences between both resources. Mixing reduces the size of the hydrogen buffer storage and reduces the need for more costly firm-up electricity; it only marginally increases the capacity factor of the Haber-Bosch loop and the electrolysers Estimated ammonia production costs from solar and wind in China, 2020 Notes: tNH3 = tonne of ammonia. Left-hand bars correspond to “standard” flexibility of the Haber-Bosch operations with a 40% downward flexibility of the Haber-Bosch synthesis; right-hand bars correspond to the “advanced” flexibility case, allowing 80% downward flexibility and the possibility of shutting down the synthesis process completely. From bottom to top, the bars show the following costs: electrolyser, electricity from solar and wind for hydrogen production, renewable electricity for running the Haber- Bosch synthesis, Haber-Bosch synthesis and air separation unit for nitrogen production, hydrogen buffer storage and firm-up electricity to run the Haber-Bosch process when there is not enough wind at night. Source: IEA 2019. All rights reserved. PAGE | 63 IEA. All rights reserved.PDF Image | The Future of Hydrogen 2019
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