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The Future of Hydrogen Chapter 3: Storage, transmission and distribution of hydrogen Figure 24. If hydrogen is to play a meaningful role in clean, flexible energy systems, it will be largely because it can be used to store energy in large quantities for long periods and to move it over very long distances. Delivery infrastructure choices and costs are thus critically important. Today hydrogen is usually stored and delivered in compressed gas or liquid form. The majority is either produced and consumed on-site (around 85%) or transported via trucks or pipelines (around 15%). In the future the balance between these options could change and new alternatives could emerge. The competitiveness of the different options will depend on the distance over which hydrogen is transported, and on scale and end use. Long-distance transport would enable the export of hydrogen from low-cost production regions to high-cost ones (Figure 24). For energy import-dependent countries, it could also improve the diversity of energy sources and increase energy security. This chapter first looks at possible storage options for hydrogen and hydrogen carriers. It then examines the possibility of using existing natural gas grids to transport and distribute hydrogen. This is followed by a discussion of the various delivery options and costs for long-distance transmission and local distribution. It finishes with an assessment of the total cost of storage, transmission and distribution for a number of different trade routes. Our assessment of costs is based on the most recent data from industry and scientific literature; however, there is inevitably a high degree of uncertainty about many of these estimates including those relating to future technology developments. Transmission, distribution and storage elements of hydrogen value chains Note: LOHC = liquid organic hydrogen carrier. Source: IEA 2019. All rights reserved. Depending on the context and type of hydrogen carrier, various components can be combined in value chains for hydrogen transmission and distribution, leading to location-specific costs. PAGE | 68 IEA. All rights reserved.PDF Image | The Future of Hydrogen 2019
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