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The Future of Hydrogen Chapter 3: Storage, transmission and distribution of hydrogen Figure 25. For example, chemical producers using natural gas as a feedstock may need to adjust processes and contracts with natural gas suppliers that stipulate a narrow specification of gas content. The control systems and seals of existing gas turbines are not designed for the properties of hydrogen and can tolerate less than 5% blended hydrogen (ECS, 2015). A similar issue arises for many installed gas engines, where the recommended maximum level of blended hydrogen is 2%. Minor modifications to existing turbines and engines might enable them to handle higher hydrogen blending levels, and new equipment could be specifically designed to cope with higher levels of hydrogen. But such adjustments would take time and money. Tolerance of selected existing elements of the natural gas network to hydrogen blend shares by volume Distribution* Gas meters Transmission Compressors Underground storage Boilers Cooking Engines Gas turbines CNG tanks* 0% 20% 40% Allowable under certain circumstances * The higher tolerance of CNG tanks is for Type IV tanks (although the tolerance for CNG tanks may be as low as 0.1% depending on the humidity of the natural gas (United Nations, 2014); the higher tolerance for distribution would require specific safety assessments. Note: CNG = compressed natural gas. Sources: Altfeld and Pinchbeck (2013), “Admissible hydrogen concentrations in natural gas systems”, Gas Energy http://www.gas- for-energy.com/products/2013-admissible-hydrogen-concentrations-in-natural-gas-systems-1/; Jones, Kobos and Borns (2018), “Geologic storage of hydrogen: Scaling up to meet city transportation demands”, Inter. Journal of Hydrogen Energy; Kouchachvili and Entchev (2018), “Power to gas and H2/NG blend in SMART energy networks concept”, Renewable Energy; Melaina, Antonia and Penev (2013), “Blending hydrogen into natural gas pipeline networks: A review of key issues”, National Renewable Energy Laboratory; Müller-Syring and Henel (2014), “Wasserstofftoleranz der Erdgasinfrastruktur inklusive aller assoziierten Anlagen”, DVGW; Reitenbach, et al. (2015), “Influence of added hydrogen on underground gas storage: a review of key issues”, Environmental Earth Science; Weidner et al. (2016), “Sector Forum Energy Management/Working Group Hydrogen Final Report”. CNG tanks, turbines and engines have the lowest hydrogen tolerance. Minor adaptations could increase the grid’s tolerance and exploit its transport capacity. Existing national regulations for gas quality are defined by the elements along the gas value chain that are least able to cope with blending. Many regions specify a maximum of 2% blending, with a few specifying between 4% and 6% (Figure 26). Germany specifies a maximum of 10%, but less than 2% if CNG filling stations are connected to the network. Specifications for certain pieces of equipment can also be restrictive: for example, European standards stipulate that the hydrogen content of natural gas streams must be below 1% for control systems and seals of gas turbines. Since natural gas is internationally traded, harmonising blend limits across borders is a crucial step to support deployment. Standards should also account for possible variability in hydrogen blending levels over time. In Europe a number of technical committees and industry working 60% 80% 100% PAGE | 72 IEA. All rights reserved. Transmission & End use distributionPDF Image | The Future of Hydrogen 2019
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