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The Future of Hydrogen Chapter 3: Storage, transmission and distribution of hydrogen Local distribution Once the hydrogen has reached the import terminal or transmission hub, local distribution is necessary to deliver it to final users. As with transmission, the best options for doing this for hydrogen, ammonia and LOHCs will depend on volume, distance and end-user needs. Trucks Today hydrogen distribution mostly relies on compressed gas trailer trucks for distances less than 300 km. Liquid hydrogen tanker trucks are often used instead where there is reliable demand and the liquefaction costs can be offset by the lower unit costs of hydrogen transport.21 In both cases, the hydrogen is distributed in tubes that are loaded onto trailers. Trucks can be used to distribute ammonia or LOHCs in a broadly similar way. In theory a single trailer transporting compressed hydrogen gas can hold up to 1 100 kgH2 in lightweight composite cylinders (at 500 bar). This weight is rarely achieved in practice, however, as regulations around the world limit the allowable pressure, height, width and weight of tubes that can be transported. In the United States, for example, the pressure limit for steel tubes means that a trailer has a maximum load of 280kgH2 (although the US Department of Transport recently approved the manufacture and use of higher-pressure composite storage vessels). Highly insulated cryogenic tanker trucks can carry up to 4 000 kg of liquefied hydrogen, and are commonly used today for long journeys of up to 4 000 km. These trucks are not suitable for transport above this distance as the hydrogen heats up and causes a rise in pressure. Around 5 000 kgH2 in the form of ammonia or 1 700 kgH2 in the form of LOHC could be moved in a road tanker. In the case of LOHC, a truck would also be needed to transport the carrier molecules back to the original destination after the hydrogen has been extracted from them. Pipelines Many modern low-pressure gas distribution pipes are made of polyethylene or fibre-reinforced polymer, and would generally be suitable to transport hydrogen with some minor upgrades. In the United Kingdom almost the entire distribution pipe network, which is about 14 times the length of the country’s gas transmission grid, is being replaced with plastic pipes as part of a gas infrastructure upgrade programme. Distribution pipelines for natural gas are extensive in areas with high heating demand, such as northern Europe, the People’s Republic of China and North America, reaching into urban areas as well as industrial clusters. New dedicated hydrogen distribution pipelines would represent a more significant capital cost, especially on the scale required for supplying hydrogen to heat buildings. Distributing ammonia by pipe over long distances would be less costly, but is likely to be attractive only if there is a large demand for ammonia given the costs of converting ammonia back into hydrogen before use. As with transmission, distribution of LOHCs by pipeline is likely to be impractical given the need to return the carrier molecules to their place of origin at the end of the process. 21 Industry sources indicate that this tipping point is being reached today for hydrogen supply for vehicles in California. PAGE | 79 IEA. All rights reserved.PDF Image | The Future of Hydrogen 2019
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