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The Future of Hydrogen Chapter 4: Present and potential industrial uses of hydrogen Figure 38. Hydrogen demand for ammonia and methanol production in 2018 4 16 3 12 28 14 00 N. America CSA Europe Africa Middle East Eurasia Asia Pacific Coal Oil Natural gas Notes: Only production routes comprising > 1 Mt/yr of primary chemical production are included; oil refers to refined oil products including naphtha and LPG. CSA = Central and South America. Data for 2018 are estimates based on previous years’ figures from the sources below. Sources: IFA (2019), International Fertilizer Association Database; WoodMackenzie (2018), Methanol Production and Supply Database. Today natural gas accounts for 65% of ammonia and methanol production; coal-based production accounts for 30%. Fossil fuels have long been a convenient and cost-effective source of both the hydrogen and carbon for ammonia and methanol production. In 2018 around 270 Mtoe/yr of fossil fuels were used to produce the hydrogen for these two products,27 roughly equivalent to the combined oil demand of Brazil and the Russian Federation. Because production via natural gas (reforming) is more efficient than via coal (gasification), the former accounts for 65% of hydrogen production, but less than 55% of the energy inputs required to produce it. The differing regional prices of gas and coal are also a key determining factor in the choice of process route. Almost all hydrogen from coal for use in the chemical sector is produced and used in China. Ammonia is mostly used in the manufacture of fertilisers such as urea and ammonium nitrate (around 80%). The remainder is used for industrial applications such as explosives, synthetic fibres and other specialty materials, which are an increasingly important source of demand. Methanol is used for a diverse range of industrial applications, including the manufacture of formaldehyde, methyl methacrylate and various solvents. Methanol is also used in the production of several other industrial chemicals, and for the methanol-to-gasoline process that produces gasoline from both natural gas and coal, which has proven attractive in regions with abundant coal or gas reserves but with little or no domestic oil production. This is one of the fuel applications of methanol, whether blended in pure form or used after further conversion (e.g. to methyl-tert butlyl ether), that account for around a third of the chemical’s use globally (Levi and Cullen, 2018; MethanolInstitute, 2019). The development of methanol-to-olefins and methanol-to-aromatics technology has opened up an indirect route from methanol to high-value chemicals (HVCs), and thus to plastics. Methanol-to-olefins technology is currently deployed at commercial scale in China, accounting for 9 million tonnes per year (Mt/yr) or 18% 27 Including feedstock and process energy requirements. PAGE | 100 IEA. All rights reserved. Ammonia Methanol Ammonia Methanol Ammonia Methanol Ammonia Methanol Ammonia Methanol Ammonia Methanol Ammonia Methanol MtH2/yr (Asia Pacific) MtH2/yrPDF Image | The Future of Hydrogen 2019
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