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The Future of Hydrogen Chapter 4: Present and potential industrial uses of hydrogen Using hydrogen to meet growing steel demand while reducing CO2 emissions On average, producing one tonne of crude steel currently results in around 1.4 tonnes of direct CO2 emissions.37 Several cleaner pathways are under development that would significantly reduce CO2 emissions for primary iron and steel production (Box 10). These can be divided into two categories: “CO2 avoidance” pathways seek to avoid most of the CO2 emissions entirely by adopting low-carbon sources of energy and reduction agents, usually using hydrogen. “CO2 management” pathways aim to recover and manage the CO2 associated with traditional fossil fuel-based routes, usually via the direct application of CCUS. Various projects are underway around the world to develop these processes towards commercialisation. These processes are generally at an earlier stage of development than those in the chemical sector described earlier in this Chapter. Box 10. Projects for low-emissions steel production CO2 avoidance pathways HYBRIT. In Sweden SSAB (a steel producer), LKAB (an iron ore pellet manufacturer) and Vattenfall (a power company) formed the HYBRIT joint venture to explore the feasibility of hydrogen-based steelmaking, using a modified DRI-EAF process design (HYBRIT, 2019). Currently at pilot phase, the first commercial plant is expected in 2036. Of the SEK 1.4 billion (USD 147 m) estimated cost of the pilot plant, the Swedish Energy Agency will provide SEK 528 m (USD 56 m), with the joint venture partners contributing the rest. SALCOS. Like the HYBRIT project, this collaboration between Salzgitter AG and the Fraunhofer Institute aims to partially implement hydrogen-based reduction of iron ore using the DRI-EAF route (SALCOS, 2019). While HYBRIT is aiming at virtually 100% hydrogen reduction from the outset, SALCOS will utilise a natural gas-fed process design and gradually increase the proportion of hydrogen. GrInHy and H2FUTURE. These initiatives, both funded by the European Union's Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Joint Undertaking, aim to scale up emerging electrolyser designs to ensure that variable sources of renewable electricity can be utilised effectively in steel production and other industrial operations. The H2FUTURE project, co-ordinated by the Austrian utility VERBUND, is employing a 6 MW proton exchange membrane design (H2FUTURE, 2019), while GrInHy comprises a new reversible solid oxide cell unit (GrInHy, 2019). These projects started in 2016/17 and will conclude in the early 2020s. Σiderwin and Boston Metal. Σiderwin is a research project initially funded by the European Union and now being taken forward by ArcelorMittal to pilot stage. It employs electrowinning 37 This does not account for emissions from captive utilities or subsequent uses of WAG, nor indirect emissions associated with centralised power generation. These, and several other factors, can substantially influence the emissions intensity. PAGE | 111 IEA. All rights reserved.PDF Image | The Future of Hydrogen 2019
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