PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 139
The Future of Hydrogen Chapter 5: Opportunities for hydrogen in transport, buildings and power and around ports (see Chapter 6). Opportunities also exist to use hydrogen and fuel cells for shorter routes within national jurisdictions, especially those operated by ferries. How is hydrogen used in the maritime sector today? Oil products currently dominate the shipping sector, and the use of hydrogen-based fuels in shipping is accordingly very limited. There is, however, one project in Belgium for co-firing hydrogen with diesel in maritime internal combustion engines, and more than 20 projects for fuel cells of up to 300 kW, mostly for auxiliary power units (DNV GL, 2017). Projects using fuel cells, often in combination with batteries, are planned in California (GGZEM, 2018), Ireland, Norway (AirClim, 2018) and for some Europe-wide operations. Ships do not use ammonia as fuel today, but ammonia containing the equivalent of around 3.5 MtH2/yr is traded in ships. Several research and demonstration projects are looking at the firing of ammonia as fuel for ships (Brown, 2018). Satisfactory combustion of ammonia in existing engines would generally require ignition promotors (to overcome its lower ignition energy) and engine modifications. Potential for hydrogen-based fuels in the maritime sector The volume of international shipping is expected to more than triple by 2050 under current trends. In the absence of climate change mitigation policies, this could lead to a 50% increase in demand for oil products in the sector, to around 6 mb/d. Action to reduce the emissions associated with this oil use could open a pathway to the use of hydrogen-based fuels. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) has put in place strategies for reducing both sulphur and greenhouse gas emissions. Possible measures to address the challenge of reducing sulphur emissions are the installation of scrubbers, fuel switching to LNG and the use of very low sulphur fuel oil (VLSFO), although these measures will only make a partial contribution to the 50% greenhouse gas reduction target by 2050 compared to 1990. As described in Chapter 4, limitations on sulphur emissions are likely to stimulate demand for hydrogen at refineries rather than as shipping fuel. To achieve the greenhouse gas emissions target, advanced biofuels, hydrogen and ammonia are all options, as well as hydrogen-based synthetic liquid fuels. The choice of fuel switching relies on infrastructure deployment outside the direct control of ship owners. LNG, hydrogen and ammonia would require the development of bunkering facilities, while both LNG and ammonia could build upon the existing distribution network. Availability and costs of advanced biofuels are uncertain as there is demand competition from other sectors for a limited supply of sustainable biomass. Targets are also in place in some countries for low-carbon alternatives in domestic shipping. Sweden and Norway are two examples of this, while the European Commission is developing a strategy to set CO2 reduction targets for maritime transport based on monitoring, reporting and verification of CO2 emissions from large ships. Shipping may be incorporated into the European Emission Trading System from 2023. Among businesses, Maersk, the world’s largest maritime company, announced in 2018 that it aims to become carbon neutral by 2050. To achieve this, it recognises that low-carbon vessels will need to be commercially viable by 2030 (Jacobsen, 2018). Industry leaders have also drafted an action plan to decarbonise the shipping sector, which includes demonstration projects, technology adoption, transparency and knowledge sharing (UNFCCC, 2017). PAGE | 139 IEA. All rights reserved.PDF Image | The Future of Hydrogen 2019
PDF Search Title:
The Future of Hydrogen 2019Original File Name Searched:
the_future_of_hydrogen.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
IT XR Project Redstone NFT Available for Sale: NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. Can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Turbine IT XR Project Redstone Design: NFT for sale... NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Includes all rights to this turbine design, including license for Fluid Handling Block I and II for the turbine assembly and housing. The NFT includes the blueprints (cad/cam), revenue streams, and all future development of the IT XR Project Redstone... More Info
Infinity Turbine ROT Radial Outflow Turbine 24 Design and Worldwide Rights: NFT for sale... NFT for the ROT 24 energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. This design can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. You may manufacture the unit, or get the revenues from its sale from Infinity Turbine. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Supercritical CO2 10 Liter Extractor Design and Worldwide Rights: The Infinity Supercritical 10L CO2 extractor is for botanical oil extraction, which is rich in terpenes and can produce shelf ready full spectrum oil. With over 5 years of development, this industry leader mature extractor machine has been sold since 2015 and is part of many profitable businesses. The process can also be used for electrowinning, e-waste recycling, and lithium battery recycling, gold mining electronic wastes, precious metals. CO2 can also be used in a reverse fuel cell with nafion to make a gas-to-liquids fuel, such as methanol, ethanol and butanol or ethylene. Supercritical CO2 has also been used for treating nafion to make it more effective catalyst. This NFT is for the purchase of worldwide rights which includes the design. More Info
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
Infinity Turbine Products: Special for this month, any plans are $10,000 for complete Cad/Cam blueprints. License is for one build. Try before you buy a production license. May pay by Bitcoin or other Crypto. Products Page... More Info
CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)