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The Future of Hydrogen Chapter 5: Opportunities for hydrogen in transport, buildings and power Table 9. Role of hydrogen and hydrogen-based products in power generation Current role Demand perspectives Future deployment Opportunities Challenges Co-firing ammonia in coal power plants Flexible power generation Availability of low-cost and low-carbon hydrogen and ammonia. Competition with other flexible generation options as well as other flexibility options (e.g. demand response, storage) High conversion losses. Geological availability of salt caverns for hydrogen storage region-specific. Little experience with depleted oil and gas fields or water aquifers for hydrogen storage (e.g. contamination issues) No deployment so far; co-firing has been demonstrated in a commercial coal power plant in Japan 20% co-firing share in global coal power plant fleet could by 2030 lead to an ammonia demand of up to 670 Mt ammonia or a corresponding hydrogen demand of 120 MtH2 Reducing the carbon impact of existing coal-fired power plants in the near term CO2 mitigation costs can be low, but rely on low-cost ammonia supply. Attention has to be paid to NOx emissions; further NOx treatment may be needed. Only a transitional measure – still significant remaining CO2 emissions Few commercial gas turbines using hydrogen-rich gases. 363 000 fuel cell units (1 600 MW) installed Assuming 1% of global gas-fired power capacity would run on hydrogen by 2030, this would result in a capacity of 25 GW, generating 90 TWh of electricity and consuming 4.5 MtH2 Supporting the integration of VRE in the power system. Some gas turbine designs already able to run on high hydrogen shares Back-up and off- grid power supply Demonstration projects for electrification of villages. Fuel cell systems in combination with storage Long-term and large- scale energy storage Note: VRE = variable renewable energy. With increasing growth of telecommunications, also growing need for reliable power supply Fuel cell systems in combination with storage as a cost- effective and less polluting alternative to diesel generators. More robust than battery systems Often higher initial investment needs compared with diesel generators Three salt cavern storage sites for hydrogen in the United States; another three in the United Kingdom In the long term, with very high VRE shares, need for large-scale and long-term storage for seasonal imbalances or longer periods with no VRE generation. In combination with long-distance trade, scope to take advantage of seasonal differences in global VRE supply Due to high energy content of hydrogen, relatively low CAPEX cost for storage itself. Few alternative technologies for long-term and large- scale storage. Conversion losses can be reduced if stored hydrogen or ammonia can be directly used in end- use applications PAGE | 151 IEA. All rights reserved.PDF Image | The Future of Hydrogen 2019
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