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The Future of Hydrogen Chapter 5: Opportunities for hydrogen in transport, buildings and power How does the power sector use hydrogen today? Although pure hydrogen does not generally feature as a fuel in power generation today, there are small-scale exceptions. For example, a 12 MW hydrogen-fired combined-cycle gas turbine in Italy uses hydrogen from a nearby petrochemical complex, while in Kobe, Japan, a hydrogen- fired gas turbine is providing heat (2.8 watts thermal) and electricity (1.1 MWe) to a local community. Somewhat more common is the use of hydrogen-rich gases from steel mills, petrochemical plants and refineries. Reciprocating gas engines today can handle gases with a hydrogen content of up to 70% (on a volumetric basis),53 while in the future gas engines should be able to operate on even 100% hydrogen (Goldmeer, 2018). Gas turbines also have the capability to run on hydrogen-rich gases. In Korea a 40 MW gas turbine at a refinery has run on gases with a hydrogen content of up to 95% for 20 years. Fuel cells are a further option to convert hydrogen into electricity and heat, producing water and no direct emissions. They can achieve high electric efficiencies of over 60% and reveal a higher efficiency in part load than full load, which makes them particularly attractive for flexible operations such as load balancing (Box 15). Box 15. Fuel cell technologies for stationary power applications Various fuel cell technologies exist for stationary power applications: • Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) operate at relatively low temperatures (below 100°C) and have a quick start-up time. They require, however, a pure hydrogen stream, or an external reformer if natural gas is used as fuel. PEMFCs are used today as micro co-generation units, operating with natural gas or LPG in residential buildings. • Phosphoric acid fuel cells (PAFCs), based on phosphoric acid as electrolyte, are used today as stationary power generators with outputs in the 100–400 kW range. In addition to electricity, they also produce heat at around 180°C, with potential uses for space and water heating. • Molten carbonate fuel cells (MCFCs) and solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) operate at higher temperatures, 600°C and 800–1 000°C respectively, which allow them to run on different hydrocarbon fuels without the need for an external reformer to produce hydrogen first. MCFCs are used in the MW scale for power generation (due their low power density, resulting in a relatively large size). The produced heat can be used for heating or cooling purposes in buildings and industrial applications. SOFCs have similar application areas, often at smaller scale in the kW range, such as micro co-generation units or for off-grid power supply. 53 Hydrogen has a more than one third lower energy content per cubic metre (m3) of 10 MJ/m3 compared to natural gas with 35 MJ/m3. Therefore, a volumetric blending share of 70% of hydrogen into natural gas corresponds to a 20% blending share in energy terms. If not noted otherwise, the hydrogen shares in this section refer to volumetric shares. PAGE | 152 IEA. All rights reserved.PDF Image | The Future of Hydrogen 2019
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