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The Future of Hydrogen Chapter 6: Policies to boost momentum in key value chains Figure 68. Routes for hydrogen trading with long-term costs compared to domestic production. Notes: This map is without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. Production cost reflects long-term potential (i.e. low CAPEX for wind and solar, see Chapter 2). Electrolysis considers dedicated wind and solar production. Source: IEA 2019. all rights reserved. Multiple opportunities exist for international hydrogen trading routes, which could contribute to energy diversification and security, particularly in Europe and Japan. International trade in energy products takes time to develop. Globally, LNG imports today are around 400 bcm, 10% of global natural gas demand, and Australia and Qatar supply almost 55% of the LNG market. They did not reach these export volumes overnight. Australia’s first LNG shipments were 30 years ago in 1989, 10 years after signing the first contract. Qatar’s first LNG shipments were in 1997, when globally traded volumes were around one-third of current levels. Overall, it has taken 60 years for global liquefaction capacity to reach the point where 31 liquefaction terminals can now process a total volume of LNG equivalent to Japan’s annual primary energy supply, which can be received at 140 receiving terminals around the world. To date there have been no shipments of pure hydrogen, although there is a routine sea trade in ammonia (equivalent to around 3 MtH2/yr). Potential hydrogen trade in Asia Pacific in 2030 Japan, Korea and China are world leaders in hydrogen development and all have ambitious targets for 2030 (Table 13 and Box 20). They are also the three largest LNG importers today, together representing 55% of the global market. Each country sees hydrogen as a means of managing environmental concerns without weakening energy security. All three countries are targeting hydrogen use in vehicles; Japan and Korea also have plans for hydrogen use in stationary applications. At 300 MW installed, Korea has one of the largest markets for stationary fuel cell applications, with ambitious plans to expand this to 3.5 GW PAGE | 189 IEA. All rights reserved.PDF Image | The Future of Hydrogen 2019
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