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the function to remove selectively one or more products from the reaction zone, thus improving the conversion/selectivity/yield in equilibrium limited reactions. Alternatively, the membrane could be employed to supply selective reactants from the feed mixture in order to enhance the selectivity. Possible applications of extractors with either catalytic active permselective membranes in CMR or inert permselective membranes in PBMR configurations are listed in Table 1 and will be discussed in further details in Sections 4 and 5. Although the main focus of this review is laid on permselective membranes some examples considering the application of non-permselective membranes in membrane reactor should be given in the following paragraphs for completeness. 3.2. Distributor Type Zeolite Membrane Reactors The distributor type membrane reactor configuration is characterized by controlled permeation/dosing of reactants via a non-permselective membrane. Especially for oxidation reactions, such a configuration could offer diverse benefits compared to conventional reactors, namely precise distribution of the reactant along the catalyst bed, thus minimizing the local appearance of dangerous conditions. Mota et al. [172] carried out the selective oxidation of butane to maleic anhydride in membrane reactors of the distributor type combining zeolite MFI membranes used to distribute oxygen and vanadium phosphorus mixed oxides-based catalysts known for their high selectivity and conversion of alkanes [173]. Even though, the obtained results were in fact quite similar with those of the conventional co-feed configuration, the authors pointed out, that the separated O2 feeding could be beneficial to avoid flammability problems. Nevertheless, employing non-permselective mesoporous ceramic membranes to distribute the oxygen allows an operation with higher n-butane concentrations leading to higher maleic anhydride yields [174,175]. Moreover, Mallada et al. [174] reversed the butane flow in the inner volume of the membrane reactor in order to overcome the problem with observed heterogeneity of the oxidation state of the catalyst bed. As a result, maleic anhydride yields above those obtained in the conventional reactor mode were recorded. In a later work from the same working group, zeolite membranes were combined with cobalt-doped vanadium phosphorus mixed oxides-based catalysts in membrane reactors operating at high butane concentrations in the feed [176]. Due to the O2 distribution, the studied membrane reactors were able to eliminate the formation of critical concentrations and allowed the operation at the flammability zone, giving rise to three times higher maleic anhydride productivity. 14PDF Image | Zeolite Catalysis
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