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constant conversion pointing out that ratio of 2 was sufficient in order to remove the desorbing hydrogen from the permeate side of the membrane. The authors stressed once again the benefit of the zeolite membrane reactor operation in terms of reduced partial pressure of H2 contributing to higher reaction rates. Alternatively, small-pore size SOD membranes have been recently considered as an attractive candidate for the selective removal of H2 in catalytic dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene to styrene [206]. The performance of a membrane reactor and a conventional plug flow reactor (PFR) was predicted, confirming the benefit of the membrane reactor with regard to an absolute ethylbenzene conversion increase of 3.45% and yield increase of 8.99% ascribed to the effective H2 extraction from the reaction side. Due to the dynamic limitations, the PFR reached 80% conversion and 44.5% yield. Very recent results promise the potential application of cost-effective natural mordenite membranes. Indeed, the mordenite membranes were fabricated by using rock material (Paradise Quarry Limited, Whangarei, New Zealand) processed by a diamond saw. In membrane reactors, packed with Pt/Al2O3 beads for the dehydrogenation reaction of ethane [151], the membrane was able to shift the reaction equilibrium at the studied temperature range of 500–550 ◦C due to its hydrogen-selective properties. Based on evaluation of the membrane reactor effectiveness in terms of permeation area to reactor volume ratio (A/V ratio), the authors demonstrated that increasing the ratio from 0.04 m−1 to 0.16 m−1 gives rise to additional reduction of the H2 content in the reaction zone in relation with its formation rate and consequent increase in the reaction rate contributing to more enhanced ethane conversion compared to the PBMR with the smaller permeation area. 4.1.3. Hydrogen Permeation in Water Gas Shift Reaction The water gas shift (WGS) reaction represents another equilibrium limited reaction for which the application of extractor type membrane reactors has been reported. The reversible and mildly exothermic WGS reaction is a subsequent step for the increased production of H2 from initially produced CO gained from fossil fuel reforming. Generally, in order to overcome the thermodynamic and kinetic limitations, the WGS reaction is performed in two steps including high temperature shift favoring higher space time yields followed by low temperature shift to obtain high CO conversion [207]. However, coupling the reaction with a H2-selective membrane can break the equilibrium constrains and facilitate the CO conversion, thus intensifying the process and resulting in economically beneficial application. Besides Pd- or Pd-Ag alloys membranes [208–211] and silica-based membranes [212,213], zeolite membranes are subject of intensive research interest for the present problem. 26PDF Image | Zeolite Catalysis
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