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process of UOP Penex/Molex plant with an investment of about 23 million euros. Approximately 42% of the total equipment cost belongs to the zeolite membrane. Further example in this section is the application of membranes with sufficient selectivity for the permeation of valuable intermediate products for yield increase. In this context, the removal of the intermediate products from the reaction before consecutive reactions could be also considered as an example of residence time control. The concept was demonstrated by Piera et al. [229] based on zeolitic PBMRs in the oligomerization of i-butene, where MFI membranes packed with resin catalysts were used for the selective removal of the formed i-octene. In such a way, the formation of the undesired C12 and C16 hydrocarbons was decreased and at approximately 20 ◦C significant selectivity increase was obtained resulting in higher i-octene yields. Moreover, the authors explained the observed permselectivity to i-octene in a mixture of i-butene/i-octene by the preferential adsorption of i-octene and the thereby arising pore-blocking effect for the i-butane passage. Increasing the temperature contributed to higher i-butane conversion over 90%, however decreased the i-octene adsorption and thus the separation selectivity. As a result, the PBMR showed nearly the same conversion as the traditional reactor. Nevertheless, the yield in the PBMR still displayed an absolute enhancement between 20% and 30%. 5. ReactionProcessingUsingPermselectiveCatalyticMembrane Reactors (CMR) So far, in the membrane-assisted reactor applications discussed up to now, the membrane used was inert. To put it differently, the membrane did not display any catalytic function, it showed only permselective properties depending on the dominant transport mechanism (see Section 2.1.) and the catalyst bed was a discrete part of the set-ups tested. The latter was either separated (see Section 2.3.) or packed in a direct contact to the zeolite membrane (PBMR, see Section 4.). In the majority of the applications of PBMRs the zeolite membranes were utilized either for selective product removal or for selective reactant supply. Similarly, in catalytic membrane reactors (CMR), where the zeolite membranes used display both catalytic activity and permselectivity, as shown schematically in Figure 8, e.g., dehydrogenation reactions [144], isomerization [159,160,164,165] and esterification reactions [167,230,231] have been investigated. However, it is the nature of the beast that not all the aforementioned reactions can be carried out in CMRs since zeolites simply are not the candidates of choice for all reactions. 35PDF Image | Zeolite Catalysis
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