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conventional hydrothermal synthesis e.g., high temperature and alkaline conditions. Accordingly, the capsuled catalyst employed exhibited slightly higher activity that the mixed catalyst which can be ascribed to the enhanced syngas diffusion rate through the SAPO zeolite shell. Very recently, Phienluphon et al. [241] applied the physical coating technique and synthesized silicoaluminophosphate-11 (SAPO-11) shell over Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 core catalyst. The so created defect-free, uniform and compact tandem catalyst outperformed the mixture catalyst giving rise to CO conversion of 92.0% and DME selectivity of 90.3%, accompanied by extremely low by-product formation. The promising results achieved with the core-shell catalysts, where core catalyst and zeolite membrane as shell are combined according to the desired reaction as well as the improvement of the synthesis techniques are good prerequisites for meeting the requirements for wide range of application in particle level membrane reactors. 7. Conclusions We reviewed literature on the application of zeolite membranes enhancing catalytic reactions in terms of conversion, selectivity or yield. The main advantage of zeolite membranes is based on their property to displace equilibria of thermodynamic difficult reactions. But also shape selectivity or simply separation and purification problems can be solved by using zeolite membranes. Thus, it appears that permselective zeolite membranes can be located (i) spatially decoupled; (ii) in a direct contact to a catalyst packed bed; (iii) as membrane and catalyst all in one, or (iv) as a capsule around a catalyst core. The preferred way how to use a zeolite membrane in catalytic reactions is dependent on numerous factors where membrane and catalyst properties should be carefully evaluated. From macroscopic zeolite membrane reactors a lot of knowledge has been gained over the last decades. However, may be due to two serious drawbacks such arrays had never got entry into the industrial level in the past. First of all it is the difficulty in producing zeolite membranes on a large scale what makes them still economically unattractive. Secondly, the permeation per membrane area does often not meet the requirements of the volume ratio of the catalytic reactor. Since zeolite capsuled catalysts are able to overcome both the issues it is believed these are the most promising candidates to reach the high criteria of industrial standards. Nevertheless, recent developments on membrane synthesis promise better permeation characteristics as well as easier and cheaper upscaling. Hence, supported zeolite membranes could still also be noticeable candidates for intensified industrial processes in the future. Author Contributions: R.D. wrote the first draft of the review. R.D. and S.W. iteratively brought it to its final state. 55PDF Image | Zeolite Catalysis
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