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ratio of solid to liquid ratio was 1:30. The samples were filtered, washed, and dried at 373 K and then converted to the H-type ones with 1 M NH4NO3 (99%, Wako, Osaka, Japan) twice at 353 K for 2 h, followed by calcination in air at 773 K for 2 h. The alkali-treated HB samples were denoted as HB(77)-AT(c M), where c was the NaOH concentration. On the other hand, the alkali-treated HB sample was further dealuminated by acid treatment. Specifically, 1 g HB(77)-AT(0.05 M) was suspended and stirred in a 0.2–2 M HNO3 solution at 393 K for 1 h. The weight ratio of solid to liquid ratio was 1:30. Thus obtained samples were filtered, washed, and dried at 373 K. The samples were denoted as HB(77)-AT(c M)-NT (d M), where d was the HNO3 concentration. 3.2. Catalyst Characterization The catalysts were characterized by various techniques. The Si/Al ratio was determined by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometer (ICP-AES) on a Shimadzu ICPE-9000 (Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan). The X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns were recorded on a Rint-Ultima III (Rigaku, Tokyo, Japan) using a Cu Kα X-ray source. The N2 adsorption was carried out at 77 K on a Belsorp-mini II (BEL, Osaka, Japan). The crystal morphology and size were measured by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) on a Hitachi SU-9000 microscope (Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan). Thermogravimetric analyses (TGA) were conducted on a Rigaku Thermo plus EVO II equipment (Rigaku, Tokyo, Japan) in air atmosphere. Temperature-programmed desorption of ammonia (NH3-TPD) profiles were recorded on a BEL Multitrack TPD equipment (BEL, Osaka, Japan). IR spectra were collected on a Jasco FT/IR-6100 spectrometer (Jasco, Tokyo, Japan) equipped with a TGS detector. The IR spectra of adsorbed pyridine were recorded as follows: a self-supported wafer (9.6 ̈ mg ̈ cm ́2 thickness and 2 cm diameter) was set in a quartz IR cell sealed with CaF2 windows, where it was evacuated at 723 K for 2 h before pyridine adsorption. The adsorption was carried out by exposing the wafer to pyridine vapor (1.3 kPa) at 423 K for 0.5 h. Physisorbed pyridine was removed by evacuation at 423 K for 1 h. IR spectra were collected at 423 K. 3.3. Catalytic Cracking of n-Hexane The catalytic cracking of n-hexane was carried out with a fixed-bed flow reactor under atmospheric pressure. Typically, 0.1 g of catalyst (18–30 mesh size) was put into a quartz tubular reactor (6 mm inner diameter) and activated in a dry air flow of 20 mL ̈ min ́1 at 923 K for 1 h. The height of catalyst bed was ca. 1 cm. The temperature was measured by a thermocouple in the top of the catalyst bed. After the reactor temperature was adjusted to the desired one, n-hexane vapor diluted in the helium was fed into the reactor. The initial partial pressure of n-hexane was set at 6 kPa. To investigate the effect of contact time on n-hexane catalytic cracking, the 96PDF Image | Zeolite Catalysis
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