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and, in some cases, successfully implemented in industrial uses. Furthermore, zeolites have been widely studied as catalysts for the acylation of both aromatic hydrocarbons and phenolics; several reports describe the reaction of these substrates, mainly in the liquid phase, but also in the gas phase, with different acylating agents, such as acyl halides (typically benzoyl chloride and acetyl chloride), anhydrides and even aliphatic and aromatic carboxylic acids, which are typically considered poorly reactive and, thus, react preferably with activated substrates [1,4–39]. A summary of acylations where the catalyst is made up of a zeolite is shown in Table 1. Amongst the various zeolites tested, H-beta typically offers a superior performance in terms of reactant conversion and selectivity to the desired product; this was suggested to be due to its pore structure. In some cases, however, H-Y also showed excellent performances. Table 1. A summary of the literature data on acylation with zeolites. Substrate Cyclohexene Benzene Toluene Toluene Toluene o-Xylene m-Xylene Naphthalene 2-Methoxynaphthalene Biphenyl Biphenyl Chlorobenzene Phenol Phenol (gas-phase) Phenol (gas-phase) Phenol Phenol Phenol Phenol p-Cresol Anisole Anisole Anisole Guaiacol Veratrole Veratrole Dimethoxybenzenes Acylating Reagent Acetic anhydride, acetyl chloride Benzoyl chloride Phthalic acid Benzoyl chloride Acetic anhydride Benzoyl chloride Benzoyl chloride, benzoic anhydride Benzoyl chloride Acetic anhydride Acetic anhydride Benzoyl chloride 4-chlorobenozylchloride Propionyl chloride Acetic acid Acetic acid Benzoic anhydride Acetic anhydride Acetic acid Phenylacetate Acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, etc. Octanoic acid Hexanoic, octanoic, decanoic acids Acetic anhydride Acetic anhydride Benzoic anhydride, benzoyl chloride Propionyl chloride Various acyl chlorides Desired Product Acetylcyclohexenes Benzophenone 2-methylanthraquinone 2,4-dimethylbenzophenone H-Y [40] Catalyst Ref. H-Y, H-beta, [33] H-mordenite Ga, In-H-beta [26] H-Y, H-beta, [39] H-mordenite H-beta [4] H-beta (nano) [8] 3,4-dimethylbenzophenone H-beta [6] 4-methylbenzophenone 4-methylacetophenone 2-benzoylnaphthalene 2-acetyl-6-methoxynaphthalene H-beta [19] H-ZSM5 (Cu-, Co-doped) [37] H-beta [5] H-beta, H-Y, ITQ-7 H-Y, H-beta [12] [7,13,22,25,41] 4-phenylbenzophenone H-beta [20] 4-acetylbiphenyl 4,4′ -dichlorobenzophenone 4- and 2-hydroxypropiophenone Phenyl acetate, o-hydroxyacetophenone p- and o-hydroxyacetophenone p- and o-hydroxybenzophenone p- and o-hydroxyacetophenone p- and o-hydroxyacetophenone p- and o-hydroxyacetophenone Various o-hydroxy ketones p-octanoyl anisole 4-methoxyphenylalkylketone p- and o-methoxyacetophenone 2-methoxyphenyl acetate Dimethoxybenzophenone 3,4-dimethoxypropiophenone Various H-beta [14] H-beta [10] H-Y, H-beta, H-ZSM-5 [11,30,31] Zn-exchanged NaY or [42] ZSM-5 HZSM-5, H-Y [38,43] H-beta [44] H-beta [45] H-beta [24] H-beta, H-Y, [29] H-mordenite H- beta, H-Y [32,36] H-Ferrierite [16] H-Y, H-beta [15] H-beta [17] H-Y [18] 118PDF Image | Zeolite Catalysis
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