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initial concentration of NO used in the above mentioned studies were 40 ppm [31], 10 ppm [32] and 0.25 ppm [34], respectively, which is different than the value of 1 ppm applied in the present study. In addition, the volumetric flow rates used in the above mentioned studies were 0.2 [31], 0.11 [32] and 1.5 dm3 ̈ min ́1 [34], respectively, i.e., significantly lower than the value of 3 dm3 ̈min ́1 used in the present work. These largely different conditions render a direct comparison of the photocatalytic results difficult and point at the importance of carrying out PCO of NO at standard conditions as given, e.g., in ISO 22197-1 [37] and as applied here. 2.3. Effect of Calcination Temperature In an attempt to increase the photocatalytic activity of the composites according to [19], the calcination temperature of TiO2 and the most active and selective TiO2/ZSM-5 composite with equal mass fractions of the two components (TZSG (50/50)) from sol-gel synthesis was varied in the range of 423 to 823 K. With increasing calcination temperature, the reflexes in the XRD patterns of the TiO2 component become sharper and more intense, indicating the presence of larger crystallites (Figure 6). For the highest calcination temperature of 823 K, the reflex at 2θ = 27.5 ̋ points at the presence of the rutile phase of TiO2. The average crystallite sizes of the anatase phase determined by the Scherrer equation from the (101) reflex at 2θ = 25.4 ̋ increases slightly from 6 to 9 nm with the calcination temperature until 723 K, while much larger crystals of 23 nm are found after calcination at 823 K (Table 3). As expected for the increasing crystal size with increasing calcination temperature, the specific surface area of the composite also decreases gradually from 290 to 193 m2 ̈ g ́1, respectively, in accordance with the increasing pore width (Table 3). This increase of the crystallite size with calcination temperature is in agreement with the literature [19] and can be attributed to the thermally promoted crystallite growth [48]. The formation of larger crystals at higher calcination temperatures is also observed for the TZSG-composite (Table 3). This may lead to a less intense interaction between TiO2 particles and the crystal surface of zeolite ZSM-5. Table 3. Crystallite sizes of TiO2 as well as specific surface area ABET and average pore width dBJH of the composite TZSG (50/50) from sol-gel synthesis after calcination at different temperatures. Tcalcination/K Crystallite Size/nm ABET/(m2 ̈ g ́1) dBJH/nm 423 6 523 8 623 8 723 9 823 23 290 4.16 278 4.49 265 4.57 219 5.80 193 7.62 166PDF Image | Zeolite Catalysis
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