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over conventional FCC zeolite catalysts (typically ultra-stable zeolite Y (USY)). This is because the large micropore size of zeolite Y (pore opening size of 0.74 nm; pore intersection size (supercage) of 1.3 nm) tends to promote the fast aromatization of unsaturated fatty acids, resulting in a large fraction of heavy aromatic species that are less crackable [6,7]. To avoid such a phenomenon, medium pore size offering zeolite ZSM-5 has been investigated in the cracking of triglycerides [8–10]. With the pore opening size of 0.52–0.56 nm and pore intersection size of 0.8 nm, ZSM-5 selectively directs the cracking process toward the formation of C5–C10 hydrocarbons corresponding to the gasoline-boiling range while avoiding the formation of poly-aromatic species. Unfortunately, a high gas yield with low concentrations of light olefins is generally observed [9,10], implying the occurrence of undesired secondary reactions because of the diffusion limitations caused by the relatively small pore size of ZSM-5. Accordingly, the modification of ZSM-5 zeolites to enhance the selectivity to C2–C4 olefins has been extensively studied in recent years. It has been reported that the shortened diffusion path length and reduced amount of acid sites were favorable for the formation of lower olefins in the cracking of triglyceride-rich biomass [11–13]. In our previous work [14], we have successfully developed a novel nano-ZSM- 5-based composite by dispersing nano-ZSM-5 in well-ordered, highly condensed mesoporous SBA-15 analogs via a two-step process. The resulting nano-ZSM-5/ SBA-15 analog composites (ZSC) exhibited high hydrothermal stability and improved acidic properties while their accessibility was enhanced by the bimodal pore system. This was clearly proved by gas-phase cracking of model compounds 1,3,5- triisopropylbenzene and cumene in a conventional tube reactor and comparison to H-ZSM-5 and Al-SBA-15 as benchmarks [14]. In the present contribution, we like to report on the application of such ZSC catalysts for the efficient conversion of triglyceride-rich biomass toward lower olefins under FCC conditions. The standard test procedure using the SR-SCT-MAT unit was employed for the catalyst evaluation as it allows simulating an industrial FCC unit more accurately, thereby improving the practical relevance of the results [15]. 2. ResultsandDiscussion 2.1. Physico-Chemical Properties of the Catalysts The catalysts ZSC-24, Al-SBA-15, and commercial H-ZSM-5 were thoroughly characterized by various techniques and model reactions as presented in the earlier work [14]. However, the main catalyst characteristics are summarized in Table 1. In general, Al-SBA-15 possesses the largest external surface (hexagonal mesopores) and the smallest amount of acid sites. Contrarily, commercial H-ZSM-5 shows the least external surface and the highest amount of acid sites, mostly located 194PDF Image | Zeolite Catalysis
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