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in micropores. These named properties of ZSC-24, which was prepared from the ZSM-5 precursor solution with 24 h precrystalization time, are in between, as the previous studies evidenced that this material indeed comprises hexagonal mesoporous domains wherein ZSM-5 nanoparticles are highly dispersed. Table 1. Physico-chemical properties of ZSC-24, Al-SBA-15, and commercial H-ZSM-5. Catalyst ZSC-24 Al-SBA-15 H-ZSM-5 SiO2/Al2O3 SBET a (mol/mol) (m2·g−1) 60 361 90 446 22 373 Sext/meso b (m2·g−1) 233 446 110 Vmicro b (m3·g−1) 0.058 0 0.113 Vt (m3·g−1) 0.84 0.93 0.22 Acid site amount c (mmol NH3·g−1) 0.34 0.18 1.24 2.2. Catalyst Evaluation a AAS and ICP; b t-plot method, c NH3-TPD. Catalytic cracking of triglyceride-rich biomass is generally initiated by thermal decomposition of triglyceride molecules into free fatty acids by means of free radical mechanism. Subsequently, the acid zeolite-based catalyst controls the process and converts free fatty acids into oxygen-containing products (mainly CO, CO2, and water) and a mixture of hydrocarbons lumped into gaseous hydrocarbon, gasoline, light cycle oil (LCO), and heavy cycle oil (HCO) fractions [6]. It has been reported that the conversion and product selectivity heavily depend on the unsaturation degree of triglycerides under FCC conditions [6,7]. Therefore, the catalytic cracking of triolein comprising predominantly unsaturated triglycerides (technical grade triolein, Santa Cruz Biotechnology) as model feedstock was first carried out over the ZSC-24 catalyst under different cracking severities to study the catalytic behavior and to optimize the cracking conditions. Then the catalytic performance of ZSC-24 relative to that of reference catalysts Al-SBA-15 and H-ZSM-5 was evaluated in the cracking of waste cooking oil (WCO; obtained from a local restaurant) consisting of less unsaturated triglycerides. The effect of the unsaturation level can be assessed by comparing the catalytic results obtained from the cracking of triolein and those obtained from the cracking of WCO. The fatty acid and elemental composition of triolein and WCO are given in Table 2. 2.2.1. Catalytic Cracking of Triolein The cracking of triolein was carried out over the ZSC-24 catalyst under different severities by varying the catalyst-to-oil (CTO) mass ratio from 0.2 to 1.2 g·g−1 at 550 ◦C. In general, the effect of thermal cracking becomes significant at elevated temperatures (>460 ◦C); thus, the thermal cracking of triolein over an inert material (glass beads) was conducted in a blank test at 550 ◦C to reveal the effect of thermal degradation under the investigated conditions. The catalytic results are given in Table 3 and Figure 1. 195PDF Image | Zeolite Catalysis
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