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production of desirable hydrocarbons. Hence, increasing the CTO ratio provided more active acid sites in the reaction system; therefore, more gasoline and lower olefins were produced. Unlike the conversion and C2–C4 olefin yield, the gasoline yield apparently goes through a maximum when varying the CTO ratio at 550 °C (Table 3). In fact, the gasoline yield shows a little gain from 34.9 to 35.2 wt. % with the CTO ratio increase from 0.2 to 0.4 g∙g−1 and then drops sharply to 29.7 and 28.8 wt. % at the CTO ratios of 0.8 and 1.2 g∙g−1, respectively. This implies that the over-cracking of gasoline hydrocarbons has been promoted as the CTO ratio exceeded 0.4 g∙g−1, giving rise to that the heavy oxygenated compounds have been effectively converted over ZSC-24 a substantial reduction in the gasoline yield [17]. Thus, the CTO ratio should not be higher than 0.4 g∙g−1 into valuable hydrocarbons, particularly gasoline and lower olefins. under the investigated conditions as the production of gasoline and light olefins are targeted. CTO ratio, g.g-1 0 (glass bead) 0.2 0.4 0.8 1.2 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Figure 1F.igYuriel1d. YsioelfdsCof–CC1–C4hhydrroocacrabrobnsoinstheincrtahckeincgroafctrkioinlegin ounfdteridoiflfeirnentusnevdereitriedsifferent 14 Methane Ethane Ethene Propane Propene i-Butane n-Butane t-2-Butene 1-Butene i-Butene c-2-Butene by varying the CTO ratio from 0 (glass beads) to 1.2 g∙g−1 at 550 °C. −1 severities by varying the CTO ratio from 0 (glass beads) to 1.2 g·g at 550 ◦ C. Since the main target of this work is to enhance the selectivity to lower olefins over the ZSC-24 catalyst, the yield of gaseous hydrocarbons was analyzed in detail and the C2–C4 olefin selectivity was As shown in Table 3, the CTO ratio increase from 0.2 to 1.2 g·g−1 steadily enhances estimated (Figure 1 and Table 3). Interestingly, the selectivity to C2–C4 olefins is remarkably high, the conversion and the C –C olefin yield from 62.5 and 13.5 wt. % to 79.6 and independent of the cracking2sever4ity, signifying that the ZSC-24 catalyst is a highly selective catalyst for the conversion of triglyceride-rich biomass to lower olefins. Botas et al. [12] studied the cracking of 33.5 wt. %, respectively. This corresponds to increases by factors of approximately rapeseed oil over nano-ZSM-5 using a fixed bed reactor. It was found that the shortened diffusion path 1.27 and 2.48 and can be explained by secondary cracking reactions of intermediate lengths along with the reduced acid site amount prevented the further transformation of primary fatty acids being mainly activated by the catalysts’ acid sites [8,10,16] and leading to the production of desirable hydrocarbons. Hence, increasing the CTO ratio provided more active acid sites in the reaction system; therefore, more gasoline and lower olefins were produced. Unlike the conversion and C2–C4 olefin yield, the gasoline yield apparently goes through a maximum when varying the CTO ratio at 550 ◦C (Table 3). In fact, the gasoline yield shows a little gain from 34.9 to 35.2 wt. % with the CTO ratio increase from 0.2 to 0.4 g·g−1 and then drops sharply to 29.7 and 28.8 wt. % at the CTO ratios of 0.8 and 1.2 g·g−1, respectively. This implies that the over-cracking of gasoline hydrocarbons has been promoted as the CTO ratio exceeded 0.4 g·g−1, giving rise to a substantial reduction in the gasoline yield [17]. Thus, the CTO ratio should not be higher than 0.4 g·g−1 under the investigated conditions as the production of gasoline and light olefins are targeted. Since the main target of this work is to enhance the selectivity to lower olefins over the ZSC-24 catalyst, the yield of gaseous hydrocarbons was analyzed in detail and the C2–C4 olefin selectivity was estimated (Figure 1 and Table 3). Interestingly, the selectivity to C2–C4 olefins is remarkably high, independent of the cracking severity, signifying that the ZSC-24 catalyst is a highly selective catalyst for the conversion of triglyceride-rich biomass to lower olefins. Botas et al. [12] studied the 197 Yield of C1-C4 hydrocarbons / wt%PDF Image | Zeolite Catalysis
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