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4. Conclusions We have shown that ZSC-24 is an efficient catalyst for the cracking of triglyceride-rich biomass toward lower olefins under FCC conditions. Compared to Al-SBA-15 and commercial H-ZSM-5, the ZSC-24 catalyst exhibits the highest selectivity to C2–C4 olefins (>90%) irrespective of the cracking severity and feedstock composition. The effect of the catalyst’s porosity and acid site amount on the conversion and product distribution was found to be significant. Medium acid site amount, shape selectivity, and improved molecular transport obtained by the high dispersion of nano-scaled ZSM-5 domains in a mesoporous SBA-15 analog matrix might be responsible for the enhanced formation of desired lower olefins. These findings might open the way for future research in the rational design of new FCC catalysts for efficient conversion of triglyceride-rich biomass toward lower olefins. However, it should be noted that the fresh catalysts used in this study might not provide the same results as if the catalysts had been aged. Acknowledgments: Financial support from VIED and LIKAT is gratefully acknowledged. Author Contributions: X.H.V., T.T.D. and U. A. designed the experiments. T.T.D., X.H.V. and S.N. conducted the experiments. B.M.Q.P., D.A.N., U.A. and A. M. analyzed the data. X.H.V. wrote the first draft of the manuscript which was then revised by all other authors. Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest. References 1. Ren, T.; Patel, M.; Blok, K. Olefins from conventional and heavy feedstocks: Energy use in steam cracking and alternative processes. Energy 2006, 31, 425–451. 2. Rahimi, N.; Karimzadeh, R. Catalytic cracking of hydrocarbons over modified ZSM-5 zeolites to produce light olefins: A review. Appl. Catal. A 2011, 398, 1–17. 3. Maher, K.D.; Bressler, D.C. Pyrolysis of triglyceride materials for the production of renewable fuels and chemicals. Biores. Technol. 2007, 98, 2351–2368. 4. Melero, J.A.; Iglesias, J.; Garcia, A. Biomass as renewable feedstock in standard refinery units. Feasibility, opportunities and challenges. Energy Environ. Sci. 2012, 5, 7393–7420. 5. Huber, G.W.; Corma, A. Synergies between bio- and oil refineries for the production of fuels from biomass. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2007, 46, 7184–7201. 6. Dupain, X.; Costa, D.J.; Schaverien, C.J.; Makkee, M.; Moulijn, J.A. Cracking of a rapeseed vegetable oil under realistic FCC conditions. Appl. Catal. B 2007, 72, 44–61. 7. Rao, T.V.M.; Dupain, X.; Makkee, M. Fluid catalytic cracking: Processing opportunities for Fischer-Tropsch waxes and vegetable oils to produce transportation fuels and light olefins. Micropor. Mesopor. Mater. 2012, 164, 148–163. 8. Chen, D.; Tracy, N.I.; Crunkleton, D.W.; Price, G.L. Comparison of canola oil conversion over MFI, BEA, and FAU. Appl. Catal. A 2010, 384, 206–212. 203PDF Image | Zeolite Catalysis
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