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Lignin, a residue of pulp/paper industries and lignocellulosics-to-ethanol bioprocess [5], is a highly cross-linked, oxygenated aromatic polymer consisted of methoxylated phenylpropane units [6]. In this view, lignin is an abundant, inexpensive and renewable resource of aromatic compounds, such as BTX (benzene, toluene, and xylenes), and may be an attractive alternative resource for producing p-/m-xylene. Generally, there are two typical pathways to convert lignin into BTX. Firstly, depolymerization of lignin has been performed to produce amount of phenols (guaiacol, anisole, phenol, cresols, etc.) [7–9], and then catalytic deoxygenation of lignin-derived phenols is used to produce benzene and toluene. For example, phenol was deoxygenated with high selectivity (above 60%) to benzene at 513 K over Ni/HZSM-5 [10] and at 723 K with CoMoP/MgO catalyst [11]. Similarly, cresol (p-cresol or m-cresol) was also hydrotreated by many researchers at atmospheric pressure over different catalysts to obtain toluene with high selectivity of toluene [12–20]. Another pathway to convert lignin into aromatics is catalytic fast pyrolysis producing xylenes with selectivity less than 23%, as reported by Huber et al. [21]. Vichaphund et al. [22] used metal/HZSM-5 prepared by ion-exchange and impregnation methods producing aromatic compounds from catalytic fast pyrolysis of Jatropha residues. The highest xylenes selectivity is below 30%. Kim et al. [23] pyrolyzed native lignin with different HZSM-5 producing xylenes with selectivity less than 10%. Therefore, it is impossible for both the deoxygenation of lignin-derived phenols and fast catalytic pyrolysis of lignin to directly produce p-/m-xylene with high selectivity (larger than 10%) [24]. Side-chain alkylation of toluene with methanol to form styrene and ethylbenzene was studied and the formation of styrene and ethylbenzene was significant on Na(Cs)Y zeolites of exchange degree higher than about 40% [25]. Gas-phase acylation of phenol with acetic acid to synthesize o-hydroxyacetophenone was studied on solid acids and zeolites [26,27]. The gas-phase alkylation of phenols with methanol was studied on different catalysts (SiO2-Al2O3, HBEA, HZSM5, and HMCM22) [28,29]. The main products are cresols and xylenols which are greatly depended on the zeolite pore structure and surface acid properties. The methylation of toluene with methanol is a well-documented reaction to increase the yield of p-/m-xylene. This reaction could be catalyzed by various parent zeolites, such as HZSM-5, MOR, MCM-22, etc., with a high selectivity of p-xylene up to 90%. However, the maximum conversion of toluene in these processes was generally below 50.0% [30]. Meanwhile, the alkylation of m-cresol with methanol was observed to produce xylenols [31], which also could be converted into xylenes via HDO [32]. Therefore, if the methanol was co-feeding with hydrogen, the methylation of cresols may also occur, and then p-/m-xylene could be produced through the in situ HDO of xylenols, which is favorable for the high-selective conversion of lignin-based phenols into p-/m-xylene. 206PDF Image | Zeolite Catalysis
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