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out with 0.1 to 0.03 g of catalyst (the amounts of catalyst were adjusted in order to provide iso conversion conditions). Reaction products were analyzed on-line after three different times on stream (3, 17, and 32 min) by gas chromatography using a GC-2010 apparatus (Shimadzu, Tokyo, Japan) equipped with a Chrompack KCl/Al2O3 column operated under isothermal conditions (303 K) and nitrogen flow (2 mL/min). Catalytic activity and selectivity were estimated as an average of results obtained after 17 and 32 min on-stream. These values differed by less than 10% and 2% for activity and selectivity, respectively (each catalyst was analyzed three times). Propylene selectivity was estimated as percentage in wt/wt divided by the total conversion in wt/wt and the alkene/alkane ration was estimated as the total alkenes formation in wt/wt % referred to total alkane formation in wt/wt %. The catalysts showed a moderated to low deactivation (the catalytic activity at 3 min on time on stream differs less than 15%, when compared to the one measured after 32 min). 4. Conclusions Pure ZSM-5 zeolite phases were successfully synthesized in the presence of alkaline solutions containing biomass-derived compounds. The presence of these compounds remarkably affected the silicon/aluminum ratio varying from 25 to 150, compared with SAR obtained in the absence of biomass-derived compounds (from 27 to 37). Moreover ZSM-5 crystals with different crystal sizes as well as peculiar morphologies were obtained. The solutions containing biomass-derived compounds were obtained by alkaline hydrolysis treatment under reflux of second-generation biomass; therefore this procedure can be easily implemented in regular ZSM-5 synthesis and further extended to other zeolite preparation. Similar cracking activities and selectivities were achieved over as-prepared biomass-derived zeolites with respect to parent ZSM-5 zeolites. Acknowledgments: Alessandra V. Silva is grateful to the Programa de Pós Graduação em Tecnologia de Processos Químicos e Bioquímicos da Escola de Química. Author Contributions: MMP and BL have developed this research area. BL proposed the concept and initiated the zeolite syntheses at the University of Strasbourg. MMP shared his experience in biomass valorization and wrote the main part of the paper. AVS performed the ZSM-5 zeolite preparations and most of the characterizations; LSMM and MN performed the thorough characterization of biomass components by LC-MS-MS techniques. Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest. References 1. Donnelly, S.P.; Mizrahi, S.; Sparrell, P.T.; Huss, A.J.; Schipper, P.H.; Herbst, J.A. How ZSM-5 works in FCC. In Proceedings of ACS Meeting, New Orleans, LA, USA, 30 August–4 September 1987; 1987; pp. 621–626. 235PDF Image | Zeolite Catalysis
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