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Li et. al.83 investigate the zeolite loading and size effect on Nafion-LTA composite membrane. Addition of zeolite into Nafion reduces proton conduction and methanol permeability. Further addition of zeolite will reduce proton conductivity due to its properties as a relatively poor proton conductor. On the other hand, further addition of zeolite increase methanol permeability due to poor adhesion between zeolite crystals and polymer matrix. Gaps between zeolite and polymer will make an easier way for methanol to pass through. Usage of smaller zeolite particles lead to higher proton conductivity and methanol permeability. Small particle will more homogeneous distribution of zeolite crystals throughout the composite membrane make it easier for proton to transfer through high conductivity polymer matrix. On the other hand, higher surface area of smaller crystal in contact with polymer will promote higher formation of pinholes leading to higher methanol permeability. Suppose that there is a way to eliminate pinhole formation, small zeolite particle size will be the best candidate for high proton conductivity and low methanol crossover. CONCLUSION Based on the review of numerous articles, there are three aspects to enhance DAFC performance such as anode material to oxidation performance of alcohol, membrane separator for proton conduction, and alcohol crossover. The performance of DAFC is increased by modification using zeolite to improve proton conductivity and decrease alcohol crossover. Moreover, zeolite is widely chosen as polymer filler to reduce alcohol crossover. Nafion and chitosan are polymers have given the good performance. Therefore, polymer matrix-zeolite has been modified is applied in DAFC. Smaller zeolite particles lead to higher proton conductivity and alcohol permeability. The small particle will more homogeneous distribution of zeolite crystals throughout the composite membrane make it easier for proton to transfer because of the high conductivity polymer matrix. On the other hand, the higher surface area of smaller crystal contact with polymer will promote the higher formation of pinholes, so that leading to higher alcohol permeability. Good performance of DAFCs are showed from polymer matrix-zeolite with alcohol permeability 3.63 x 10 6 cm2/s (Nafion-AFB), proton conductivity 100 mSm/cm (PVA-MOR), and selectivity 3.4 x 107 s/cm3 (Nafion 117-LTA). Consequently, a way to eliminate pinhole formation such as small zeolite particle size will be the best candidate for high proton conductivity and low alcohol crossover. REFERENCES 1. B. S. R. o. W. Energy, in bp.com/statisticalreview (2016). 2. A. P. Ru ̈hl C, Fennema J, Naumov A, Schaffer ME, Energy Policy, 109–116 (2012). 3. S. R. L. a. S. H. Yoo, Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning, and Policy, 412-417 (2016). 4. A. A. A. Ahmed F, Hasanuzzaman M, Saidur R., Renew Sustain Energy Rev, 698–707 (2013). 5. P. J. Crutzen, A. R. Mosier, K. A. Smith and W. Winiwarter, Atmospheric chemistry and physics 8 (2), 389- 395 (2008). 6. S. H. Cho, Chae C. U, Sustainability (Switzerland), 579 (2016). 7. A. Carotenuto, Ciccolella, M. et al, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 330-355 (2016). 8. S. E. Hosseini, Wahid, M.A, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 850-866 (2016). 9. S. M., Appl Energy, 237–242 (2009). 10. A.-A. A. Hasanuzzaman M, Khanam S, J Renew Sustain Energy 013108 (2015). 11. R. N. A. Hosenuzzaman M., Selvaraj J. et al, Renew Sustain Energy Rev 284–297 (2015). 12. G. Shahani, in http://www.hydrocarbonprocessing.com (2011). 13. Z. Zhao, H. Cao, S. Shi, Y. Li and L. Yao, Desalination 386, 58-66 (2016). 14. W. R. Grove, Philos. Mag. Ser., 127-130 (1839). 15. M. Soszko, Lukaszewski, M., Mianowska, Z., Czerwinski, A., J. Power Sources, 3513–3522 (2011). 16. A. K. a. Y. E.E, Energy Fuels 7303−7330 (2014). 17. B. S. C. Christophe, WIREs Energy and Environment, 388–400 (2016). 18. T. P. Andreadis G, Chem Eng Sci, 7497–7508 (2006). 19. D. M. Mann J, Bocarsly AB, 2004. 20. B. V. Arico ́ AS, Antonucci V, in Electrocatalysis for direct methanol fuel cells (Wiley,Weinheim, 2009), pp. 1-78. 21. S. Tanaka, Z Elektrochem, 38-42 (1929). 22. P. N. S. Easwaramoorthi, Mater. Chem. Phys, 101–109 (2008). 020030-8PDF Image | Zeolite modification for direct alcohol fuel cells DAFCs
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