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Sensors 2021, 21, 3119 5 of 23 token proposed in [16] is not enough to detect when and why the link between a device and its token is broken. In addition, the transference of the token to a new owner is done automatically without registering the smart contract for any mutual authentication between the new owner and device. Hence, malicious owners that transfer non-operative devices cannot be proven. Lastly, the transference of the token to a new user is completed with the approval of the user but without registering the smart contract for any mutual authentication between the new user and device. Hence, malicious users that misuse devices cannot be proven. To represent IoT devices more securely, the next section describes our proposal of smart non-fungible tokens. 3. Proposal of Smart Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) to Represent IoT Devices The ERC-721 standard [31] defines how to build NFTs on the Ethereum blockchain through a smart contract interface. Since the ERC-721 standard regards NFTs as unique assets that can be owned and transferred, it defines two main attributes: tokenId, which is the unique identifier of the token, and owner, which is the blockchain account (BCA) address that owns the token, can transfer ownership, and can approve others (approved and operators) to act in its name. However, something to consider when trying to represent IoT devices by NFTs is that IoT devices cannot be considered as passive assets with unique identifiers and owners; they need more attributes and functions to define them. Hence, an extension of the ERC-721 standard is presented below. 3.1. Attributes of Smart NFTs In the context of a blockchain, a main difference between an IoT device and a passive asset is that the IoT device can interact actively with other blockchain participants, i.e., it can have a BCA. Hence, we propose the addition of the NFT attribute device, which is the BCA address associated with the IoT device. Furthermore, an IoT device is not only a possession of an owner but also an active agent that obeys a user to carry out certain tasks in an application. Hence, we propose the addition of the NFT attribute user, which is the BCA address of the user of the IoT device. In order to represent the dynamic activity of the IoT device, six more attributes are proposed: timestamp, timeout, state, hashK_OD, hashK_UD, and dataEngagement. The first of them, timestamp, registers in the blockchain whenever the device checks it is bound with its token. This is very important to register if the link is alive or not. The second of them, timeout, is the maximum delay time established for the device to prove again the bounding. If it is exceeded, the device is considered to be malfunctioning. The rest of the attributes are explained below. An IoT device is a dynamic asset that can change of operating modes, which can be represented by states. In particular, the states defining if the device has been engaged or not with an owner or with a user deserve attention because the software to be executed by the device, which should be verified prior to be executed, is different. Hence, we propose the addition of the NFT attribute state and propose that the operating mode of the device should be in correspondence with its token state. We consider four main states of the token. The state Waiting for owner defines the situation whenever the token is created or transferred to a new owner, but the device and owner have not yet been mutually verified. Once they verify each other, the device recognizes its owner and the state of its token changes to Engaged with owner. In this state, the owner can transfer the token to a user. If the token is transferred to a user that coincides with the owner, the token state changes to Engaged with user and the device is ready to operate in its application, obeying the commands from its user. Otherwise, the token changes its state to Waiting for user. Once the user and the IoT device are verified mutually, the token changes its state to Engaged with user. From this state, the token can be transferred to another user, thus returning to the Waiting for user state. To cope with a user that cannot reply, the token can be transferred to another user if its state is Waiting for user. From all the states, the token can be transferred to another owner, thus returning to the Waiting for owner state. Figure 1 illustrates the state diagram of the token. The state changes are controlled by token functions as explained in the next subsection.PDF Image | Binding IOT to Smart Non-Fungible Tokens Using PUF
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