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Sensors 2021, 21, 3119 user. From this state, the token can be transferred to another user, thus returning to the Waiting for user state. To cope with a user that cannot reply, the token can be transferred to another user if its state is Waiting for user. From all the states, the token can be trans- ferred to another owner, thus returning to the Waiting for owner state. Figure 1 illustrates the state diagram of the token. The state changes are controlled by token functions as explained in the next subsection. Token creation (createToken function) 6 of 23 Yes Owner authentication (ownerEngagement function) Yes Transfer to new owner (transferFrom function) Transfer to new user (setUser function) No Transfer to new owner (transferFrom function) No Transfer to new user (setUser function) Transfer to new user (setUser function) Figure 1. State diagram of smart NFTs. Figure 1. State diagram of smart NFTs. The engagements of the device with an owner and with a user are carried out after The engagements of the device with an owner and with a user are carried out after mutual authentication protocols based on elliptic curve Diffie–Hellman key exchange mutual authentication protocols based on elliptic curve Diffie–Hellman key exchange pro- protocols. These protocols allow a key agreement between the device and its owner, on tocols. These protocols allow a key agreement between the device and its owner, on the the one hand, and the device and its user, on the other hand. Since the establishment of one hand, and the device and its user, on the other hand. Since the establishment of a a shared secret is very important for a secure communication between them, we propose shared secret is very important for a secure communication between them, we propose the inclusion of the attributes hashK_OD, hashK_UD, and dataEngagement. The first two the inclusion of the attributes hashK_OD, hashK_UD, and dataEngagement. The first two attributes define, respectively, the hash of the secret shared between the device and its attributes define, respectively, the hash of the secret shared between the device and its owner and that between the device and its user. Devices, owners, and users should check owner and that between the device and its user. Devices, owners, and users should check whether they are using the correct shared secrets. The attribute dataEngagement defines the whether they are using the correct shared secrets. The attribute dataEngagement defines public data needed for the agreement. If the mutual authentication fails, dataEngagement the public data needed for the agreement. If the mutual authentication fails, dataEngage- allows detecting which parts failed. This is more thoroughly explained in the next section. ment allows detecting which parts failed. This is more thoroughly explained in the next Table 1 shows the attributes of smart NFTs. The standard attributes approved and section. operator (which help the owner to transfer ERC-721 NFTs to other owners) are omitted Table 1 shows the attributes of smart NFTs. The standard attributes approved and op- in Table 1 because they are not in the scope of this work. Of course, they can also be erator (which help the owner to transfer ERC-721 NFTs to other owners) are omitted in considered in the proposed smart NFTs. Table 1 because they are not in the scope of this work. Of course, they can also be consid- ered in the proposed smart NFTs. Table 1. Attributes of smart NFTs. Type uint256 address address address enum uint256 uint256 uint256 uint256 uint256 Name of Variable tokenId owner device user state hashK_OD hashK_UD dataEngagement timestamp timeout Defined by ERC-721 Yes Yes No No No No No No No No Waiting for owner Engaged with owner user == empty Waiting for user Engaged with user user == owner User authentication (userEngagement function) Transfer to new owner (transferFrom function)PDF Image | Binding IOT to Smart Non-Fungible Tokens Using PUF
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