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Sensors 2021, 21, 3119 9 of 23 Table 5. Pseudo-codes of the functions of smart NFTs related to the engagement with owners and users. startOwnerEngagement: Starts Engagement Process between Owner and Device Input: _tokenId, _dataEngagement, _hashK_O Require state is Waiting for owner and owner of _tokenId = = msg.sender if checkTimeout = = true then Set dataEngagement of _tokenId = _dataEngagement and Save _hashK_O else Send event TimeoutAlarm ownerEngagement: Notifies owner and device their mutual authentication Input: _tokenId, _hashK_D Require state is Waiting for owner and dataEngagement is not zero and BCA address of _tokenId = = msg.sender if _hashK_D = = _hashK_O then Set state of _tokenId = Engaged with owner and Set hashK_OD of _tokenId = _hashK_O and Set timestamp = block timestamp and Send event OwnerEngaged startUserEngagement: Starts engagement process between user and device Input: _tokenId, _dataEngagement, _hashK_U Require state is Waiting for user and user of _tokenId = = msg.sender if checkTimeout = = true then Set dataEngagement of _tokenId = _dataEngagement and Save _hashK_U else Send event TimeoutAlarm userEngagement: Notifies user and device their mutual authentication Input: _tokenId, _hashK_D Require state is Waiting for user and dataEngagement is not zero and BCA address of _tokenId = = msg.sender if _hashK_D = = _hashK_U then Set state of _tokenId = Engaged with user and Set hashK_UD of _tokenId = _hashK_U and Set timestamp = block timestamp and Send event UserEngaged Given the device BCA address, the functions tokenFromAddress, ownerOfFromAddress and userOfFromAddress return, respectively, the token identifier, the address of owner, and the address of user. Given the tokenId, the function userOf returns the address of the user. The tokenIds assigned to a user are returned by the function userBalanceOf, and the tokenIds of a particular owner assigned to a user are returned by the function userBalanceOfAnOwner. 4. Proposal of Physically Binding IoT Devices to Smart NFTs Using PUFs 4.1. Creation of Smart NFTs A blockchain is cryptographically secure because the participants sign their transac- tions. To be allowed to sign transactions, it is fundamental to have a public/private key pair and an address associated with a blockchain account (BCA). The BCAs are unique and univocally identify the participants. From the private key, the public key and the address are derived. Authenticity, integrity, and non-repudiation are ensured only if the private key is kept secret and is properly protected. If not, an impersonation attack can be carried out since the key pair conforms the identity of the participant. In this work, physical unclonable functions (PUFs) are used to obfuscate and reconstruct the private keys on the fly. Since PUF responses are noisy, a fuzzy extractor or helper data algorithm (HDA) is needed. The fundamental primitive of the HDA is an error correction [n, k, d] code C with coding and decoding algorithms capable of correcting up to t errors given a distance d. An enrollment phase is performed to generate the device private key SKDEV, on the one hand, and the public Helper Data HDDEV needed to reconstruct it, on the other hand. In this work, it is assumed that SKDEV is generated from a random seed provided by a true random number generator (TRNG). HDDEV is generated by mapping SKDEV to a codeword cs through the coding algorithm of C and later by XORing it with a PUF responsePDF Image | Binding IOT to Smart Non-Fungible Tokens Using PUF
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