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Sensors2021,21,3119 of a public key generator to the private key. With the application of the IDMASK, the ID cells are obtained. The Helper Data HDDEV is the result of applying an XOR operation to the start-up values of the ID cells and the codeword associated to the private key. Then, the IoT device sends IDMASK, RNDMASK, HDDEV, and device to the manufacturer. The manufac- turercreatesthesmartNFTwiththetransactionassociatedtothefunctioncreateT1o1koefn2b3y indicating the owner and device BCA addresses. Once the smart NFT is created, the man- ufacturer receives the tokenId and programs the device. Figure 2. The manufacturer binds the IoT device to its smart NFT. Figure 2. The manufacturer binds the IoT device to its smart NFT. 4.2. OpIteriastiansgsuMmoeddesionf theisDwevoircke that the SoC (system on a chip) acting as the processing core of the IoT device contains a small one-time programmable (OTP) memory, e.g., a An IoT device, programmed and bound to a smart NFT by a manufacturer, executes a thread, herein named FWBC, which consults in the blockchain its token information and updates the timestamp. Typically, this is scheduled by the operating system kernel OSMAN provided by the manufacturer. A timeout interruption determines when the device requests and updates the token information from the blockchain through its BCA address. The first value of timeout is given by the manufacturer. Then, the owner can change this value and the device takes it from its smart NFT. The device knows its operating mode from the state of its smart NFT. When the smart NFT is created, the operating mode of the device defined in the state is Waiting for owner. If the state is Waiting for owner, the device saves in its memory the owner BCA address. Since devices, owners, and users agree on the elliptic curve employed (secp256k1 in Ethereum) and the primitive element P used on this curve, the owner generates a pair of keys, a private key (SKOD) and a public key (PKOD), which verify that PKOD = SKOD·P. The owner proposes K_O = SKOD·PKDEV as secret to share with the device to establish a secure communication channel. The owner publishes PKOD as dataEngagement and the hash of K_O as hashK_O with the function startOwnerEngagement. The owner requests the device to finish engagement. The device validates the owner request, generates its secret as K_D = SKDEV·PKOD, using the public data PKOD, and sends the hash of K_D as hashK_D with the function OwnerEngagement. If everything is correctly done, K_O and K_D are the same since K_O = SKOD·PKDEV = SKOD·(SKDEV·P)= SKDEV·(SKOD·P)= SKDEV·PKOD = K_D. Hence, the function OwnerEngagement changes the state of the token to Engaged with owner, updates the timestamp, and sends the event OwnerEngaged. Once the device receives the event, it changes its operation mode to Engaged with owner. This process is shown in Figure 3. From this moment, the device can be managed by the owner. The owner can configure and program the device according to the application, uploading the software SWOWNER. Then, the owner can assign a user to the device, without losing the ownership of the device. If the owner sends the transaction setUser to the smart contract, this function changes the state of the token to Waiting for user and sends the event UserAssigned.PDF Image | Binding IOT to Smart Non-Fungible Tokens Using PUF
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