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Sensors 2021, 21, 3119 Sensors 2021, 21, x FOR PEER REVIEW IoT Device 12 of 23 13 of 23 Owner Smart NFT Timeout interrupt Get token information from device BCA address Save owner BCA address Information Set operating mode: Waiting for owner Generate the pair (SKOD,PKOD) for communication, set K_O = SKOD*PKDEV Check owner signature RequestEngage (PKOD) Generate secret K_D = SKDEV*PKOD hashK_D PKOD, hashK_O Check if hashK_O = hashK_D Set operating mode: Engaged with owner Event: OwnerEngaged FFigiguurree33..SSteteppssininssuuccceesssfufulloownneerraannddddeevviciceemuututuaallaauuththeenntitcicaatitoionn.. IfIfththeeddeevviciceeccoonnssuultlstsththeebblolocckkcchhaaininaannddththeestsatateteooffitistssmsmaartrtNNFFTTisisWaaitiitninggfoforruusesre,r, the device saves in its memory the user BCA address. Then, a mutual authentication pro- the device saves in its memory the user BCA address. Then, a mutual authentication pro- cess is carried out with the user, as already done with the owner. The user generates a pair cess is carried out with the user, as already done with the owner. The user generates a pair of keys, a private key (SK ) and a public key (PK ), proposes K_U = SK ·PK as ofkeys,aprivatekey(𝑆𝐾UD)andapublickey(𝑃𝐾UD),proposes 𝐾_𝑈=𝑆𝐾UD·𝑃𝐾DEVas 𝑈𝐷 𝑈𝐷 𝑈𝐷 𝐷𝐸𝑉 secret to share with the device to establish a secure communication channel, and publishes secret to share with the device to establish a secure communication channel, and publishes PK as dataEngagement and the hash of K_U as hashK_U with the function startUserEn- 𝑃𝐾 UDas dataEngagement and the hash of 𝐾_𝑈 as hashK_U with the function startUserEn- gagement. The user requests the device to finish engagement. The device validates the gagement. The user requests the device to finish engagement. The device validates the user 𝑈𝐷 user request, generates its secret as K_D = SK ·PK , and sends the hash of K_D as request, generates its secret as 𝐾_𝐷 = 𝑆𝐾 ·D𝑃E𝐾V 𝐷𝐸𝑉 𝑈𝐷 , UaDnd sends the hash of 𝐾_𝐷 as hashK_D with the function userEngagement. If everything is correctly done, K_U and K_D hashK_D with the function userEngagement. If everything is correctly done, 𝐾_𝑈 and 𝐾_𝐷 are the same, and the function changes the state of the token to Engaged with user, updates are the same, and the function changes the state of the token to Engaged with user, updates the timestamp, and sends the event UserEngaged. Once the device receives the event, it the timestamp, and sends the event UserEngaged. Once the device receives the event, it changes its operation mode to Engaged with user. This process is shown in Figure 4. From changes its operation mode to Engaged with user. This process is shown in Figure 4. From this moment, the user can employ the device and upload their own software, SWUSER, to this moment, the user can employ the device and upload their own software, SWUSER, to configure and program the device accordingly to its use. If the mutual authentication of configure and program the device accordingly to its use. If the mutual authentication of the device with the owner or with the user is not finished with engagement, the owner or the device with the owner or with the user is not finished with engagement, the owner or user can publish the private key (SKOD and SKUD, respectively) if they want to show that user can publish the private key (𝑆𝐾𝑂𝐷 and 𝑆𝐾𝑈𝐷, respectively) if they want to show that the fail was on the side of the device and not on their side. the fail was on the side of the device and not on their side. The shared secrets agreed between devices and owners and between devices and users The shared secrets agreed between devices and owners and between devices and us- are sensitive information since, from them, and using a key derivation function (KDF), ers are sensitive information since, from them, and using a key derivation function (KDF), fresh session cryptographic keys can be derived for secure communication. Hence, the fresh session cryptographic keys can be derived for secure communication. Hence, the device obfuscates them with its PUF and reconstructs them with helper data stored in its device obfuscates them with its PUF and reconstructs them with helper data stored in its NVM, in the same way as explained for its private key, SKDEV. Once reconstructed, the NVM, in the same way as explained for its private key, SKDEV. Once reconstructed, the device checks them with the attributes hashK_OD and hashK_UD in its token. device checks them with the attributes hashK_OD and hashK_UD in its token. If YES, Set state: Engaged with ownerPDF Image | Binding IOT to Smart Non-Fungible Tokens Using PUF
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