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Binding IOT to Smart Non-Fungible Tokens Using PUF

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Binding IOT to Smart Non-Fungible Tokens Using PUF ( binding-iot-smart-non-fungible-tokens-using-puf )

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Sensors 2021, 21, 3119 this proof of concept, Infura [38] was employed as the blockchain gateway. In the Infura free version, the iterations with blockchain are limited to 100,000 requests per day, which is more than enough for our proof of concept. To use Infura, the gateway should be regis- tered and configured. Once the Infura project is created, a project ID and a project secret are generated. Selecting the endpoint as Kovan Ethereum testnet, the URL of the AP17I owf a23s generated using HTTPS. Figure 6 shows the configuration of our proof of concept and the Wipy board. For security reasons, we modified the project secret and the project ID. Figure 6. Configuration of our proof of concept in Infura. The Pycom Wipy 3.0 board is also shown. Figure 6. Configuration of our proof of concept in Infura. The Pycom Wipy 3.0 board is also shown. 5.2. TThheeSimnatertraNctFiTo-nBbaseetdwSemenartthCeoWntirpayctboardandInfurashouldemployJSON(JavaScript Object Notation) format in the messages. Although this format is a standard derived from The smart NFT-based smart contract was developed in Solidity language on Remix JavaScript exchange messages to minimize data size, it is currently used in any language IDE [18]. Remix is an official IDE for Ethereum blockchain and has all the assets needed indistinctly. In the case of the Wipy boards, the cJSON library was employed to construct to code, compile, test, and deploy a smart contract. The code developed is available JSON structures in C language. The interaction with the blockchain or smart contract publicly on GitHub [40] and can be deployed on the Kovan testnet with the address 0x7eB5A03E7ED70ABf70fee48965D0411d37F335aC. Saving a transaction on a block of Ethereum has a cost. It depends on the priority and size of the transaction and the computational cost of the function. In the smart contract proposed, the functions createToken, transferFrom, startOwnerEngagement, ownerEngagement, setUser, startUserEngagement, userEngagement, setTimeout, checkTimeout, and updateTimestamp have transaction costs. The gas consumption of these functions, at the time of writing this paper, is shown in Table 8. The costliest function is createToken because it saves all the information to generate a token. Comparisons to other proposals in the literature which employ NFTs are not included since those smart contract functions are oriented to specific applications such as accesses to resources and traceability of products. Therefore, gas consumption results of those functions are not comparable. 5.3. DApp Interfaces In addition to developing the smart contract with Remix and the required device functionalities with ESP-IDF, DApp (Decentralized Application) interfaces were created for the roles of manufacturer, owner, and user to have a whole demonstration. On the one hand, these DApps have a connection with the blockchain using a web interface and Metamask [19]. On the other hand, they have a physical connection with the device using UART (Universal Asynchronous Transmitter Receiver) serial communication. UART was selected for simplicity, but other connections such as Bluetooth or WiFi can be employed. This is shown in Figure 7.

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