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5.3. DApp Interfaces Sensors 2021, 21, 3119 In addition to developing the smart contract with Remix and the required device functionalities with ESP-IDF, DApp (Decentralized Application) interfaces were created for the roles of manufacturer, owner, and user to have a whole demonstration. On the one hand, these DApps have a connection with the blockchain using a web interface and Meta- 18 of 23 mask [19]. On the other hand, they have a physical connection with the device using UART (Universal Asynchronous Transmitter Receiver) serial communication. UART was selected for simplicity, but other connections such as Bluetooth or WiFi can be employed. Thaibsleis8s.hGoaws cnoinnsuFmigputiroen7o.f the main functions implemented. While Infura was used as the gateway between the blockchain and the IoT device, Function Gas Consumption Metamask was used in the DApps as the gateway between the blockchain and the web createToken() 167,263 client employed by the manufacturer, owners, and users. Metamask is a browser exten- transferFrom() 64,556 sion that lets one sign and interact with the blockchain using a key vault of blockchain startOwnerEngagement() 69,216 accounts. This software can be considered as an Ethereum wallet and Ethereum API. ownerEngagement() 47,962 Metamask can save one or more blockchain accounts, but only one can be active each time. setUser() 66,788 Hence, it is important to have activated the correct BCA (manufacturer, owner, or user) startUserEngagement() 69,990 when using theusDerAEnpgpasg.eImnetnhti(s) work, we selected the Kovan tes3tn2,e9t83to work with Meta- setTimeout() 28,874 mask. Since Metamask can be used only with a web client, a Node.js web server was de- checkTimeout() 26,429 veloped [41]. We used the JavaScript runtime environment Node.js due to its simplicity. updateTimestamp() 28,162 In order to use Metamask with a web client, the Web3 library together with a Metamask Legacy Web3 browser extension was employed for the DApps. IoT Device Figure 7. Structure of the communication between the IoT device and the DApps. Figure 7. Structure of the communication between the IoT device and the DApps. TWhehmileidIndfluewraarweabseutwsedenasthtehDeAgaptpewaeybbcelitewneteandthtehebIloTckDcheavinceawndastahlesoIodTesdigevniecde, wMitehtaNmoadsek.jsw. IatscuosnendecintstheDUApRpTswaisththtehegaWteewbSaoycbketwpereontotchoel,bwlohcikchchuasiensanTdrathnesmwies-b sciolinenCtoenmtprololyPerdotboycothle(TmCaPn)u.Wfachtuenretrh,oewDnAeprsp,awnedbucsleiresn.tMsentadmsasWkiesbaSborcokwetsemresxstaegnesitoon ththeatmleidtsdolenweasirgen,tahnedhineatedrearctowfitthethmeebslsoacgkechinadinicuastiensgwahkaetytvhaeumltiodfdblleowckacrheasinhoauclcdoudnot,s. UART Web client using Metamask Middleware DApp Web server WebSocket messages WebSocket messages This software can be considered as an Ethereum wallet and Ethereum API. Metamask can such as requesting the helper data from the IoT device or requesting the hashK_D, among save one or more blockchain accounts, but only one can be active each time. Hence, it is other functions. On the other hand, when the DApp web client receives a WebSocket mes- important to have activated the correct BCA (manufacturer, owner, or user) when using sage, it also executes the proper function depending on the message header. the DApps. In this work, we selected the Kovan testnet to work with Metamask. Since The manufacturer DApp is the one used by the manufacturer to upload, in the IoT Metamask can be used only with a web client, a Node.js web server was developed [41]. device, the firmware needed for the device registration process. This firmware carries out We used the JavaScript runtime environment Node.js due to its simplicity. In order to use the creation of the IDMASK and RNDMASK, the helper data HDDEV, and the BCA of the device. Metamask with a web client, the Web3 library together with a Metamask Legacy Web3 The DApp creates a UART connection with the IoT Device to obtain this information. In browser extension was employed for the DApps. addition, in the token creation process of the smart contract, the DApp obtains the tokenId The middleware between the DApp web client and the IoT Device was also designed with Node.js. It connects the UART with the WebSocket protocol, which uses a Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). When the DApp web client sends a WebSocket message to the middleware, the header of the message indicates what the middleware should do, such as requesting the helper data from the IoT device or requesting the hashK_D, among other functions. On the other hand, when the DApp web client receives a WebSocket message, it also executes the proper function depending on the message header. The manufacturer DApp is the one used by the manufacturer to upload, in the IoT device, the firmware needed for the device registration process. This firmware carries out the creation of the IDMASK and RNDMASK, the helper data HDDEV, and the BCA of the device. The DApp creates a UART connection with the IoT Device to obtain this information. In addition, in the token creation process of the smart contract, the DApp obtains the tokenId and registers the token in the blockchain with an owner. With all this information, the manufacturer DApp creates the firmware FWBC of the device and uploads the OSMAN with the FWBC into the device.PDF Image | Binding IOT to Smart Non-Fungible Tokens Using PUF
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