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Sensors 2021, 21, 3119 19 of 23 The owner DApp is used for the mutual authentication between the owner and the IoT device. The DApp requests the hashK_D from the device, uses Metamask to sign this request with the active BCA, and sends PKOD to the device. The DApp makes the smart contract execute the function startOwnerEngagement to start the engagement. Once the owner is engaged (the event OwnerEngaged is received), this DApp allows uploading the SWOWNER into the device and the assignation of users by the owner. The user DApp is used for the mutual authentication between the user and the IoT device, similarly to the mutual authentication with the owner DApp. This DApp makes the smart contract execute the startUserEngagement function to start the engagement. Once the user is engaged (the event UserEngaged is received), this DApp allows uploading the SWUSER into the device. Figure 8 illustrates these DApp interfaces. 5.4. Example of Use Case The proposed solution can be very efficient in many scenarios. As an illustrative example, let us consider a certification company in charge of acquiring measurements (such as levels of noise, radioactivity, or carbon dioxide emissions) that should achieve regulation compliance to prevent harm to the environment, citizens, and industry workers. Trusted IoT devices should be used to obtain trusted measurements. The employment of the proposed smart NFTs in this use case contributes to the security of the IoT device from manufacturing to operation. The IoT device cannot be replaced by a counterfeit one and its software cannot be manipulated if it is bound to a smart NFT. The certification company, acting as owner of the devices, can set inspectors as users. Thanks to the mutual authentication processes, which are registered in the smart NFT, session keys can be established to transmit confidential measurements taken by the IoT device to the certification company or to the inspector. On the other hand, the certification company and the inspector can load and execute their applications related to measurement setup or acquisition. The secure boot process checks if the software (from the manufacturer, the certification company, or the inspector) is the expected one. The IoT device can be transferred to another certification company or inspector, and the changes are registered in the smart NFT. The measurements performed by the IoT device can be hashed and uploaded in the blockchain together with the smart NFT information to provide a complete traceability of the certification procedure.PDF Image | Binding IOT to Smart Non-Fungible Tokens Using PUF
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