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Sensors 2021, 21, 3822 19 of 32 Similarly in the FT implementation, clients Alice and Bob are created for the Storage Provider and the Transaction Platform respectively. The sequence of operations for ex- perimental evaluation of the FT implementation is shown in the right pane of Figure 5. In order to have a fair comparison between FT and NFT implementations, and because it was not feasible to implement thousands of distinct clients in order to create 10,000 tokens of the predefined token types, Alice creates 10,000 separate FT with 10 assets each using Algorithm 8, effectively creating 10,000 accounts owned by Alice. Bob places one bid per FT with 5 assets per bid on all 10,000 FT using Algorithm 9. Alice initiates transfer using Algorithm 10 which creates 10,000 FT for Bob, each with value 5 assets and reduces the value of Alice’s FT by the bid amount, in this case 5 assets. Bob redeems 10,000 FT for 2 assets each using Algorithm 11 leaving a balance of 10,000 FT with 3 assets each for Bob. Alice’s balance at this point is 10,000 FT with 5 assets each. Alice again initiates creation of 10,000 FT with the same IDs as before with 10 assets each using Algorithm 8. This time, however, as the FT already exist, the created value is added to the existing FT. In order to distinguish this operation from the create operation executed before, we call this ReCreate. Bob again bids on all 10,000 FT with 1 bid per FT and 5 assets per bid using Algorithm 9. Alice initiates transfer using Algorithm 10. Bob’s FT exist already, as they were created before. So, the algorithm adds the value of the bid to Bob’s FT making Bob’s balance 10,000 FT with 8 assets each. Alice’s balance after transfer is 10,000 FT with 10 assets each. In order to distinguish this from the transfer done before, we call this ReTransfer. Finally, Bob redeems all 10,000 FT for the value of 2 assets each leaving a balance of 10,000 FT with 6 assets each. In case of FT, the number of key operations in each operation depend on the number of bids received on each token as explained in Section 3.5. However, for a fair comparison, for both NFT and FT, we place only one bid on each token as described above and in the right pane of Figure 5. Hyperledger Caliper was used to drive the load and measure performance as mentioned before. The load was driven with four worker processes and the fixed load rate control mechanism was configured. The fixed load rate controller starts with a configured transaction send rate in transactions per second (TPS) and maintains a defined queue length of unfinished transactions in the network by modifying the send rate. The starting send rate was set to 1000 TPS for all our experiments, while the queue length was varied. The sequence of operations between Alice and Bob described above was conducted 10 times each for NFT and FT implementations by varying the queue length from 100 unfinished transactions to 1000 unfinished transactions with equal increments of 100 TPS. In addition, experiments were conducted on the Read operation described in Algorithm 2 for both NFT and FT with 1 read per query and 10,000 queries in one iteration, with a total of 4 iterations with queue lengths varying from 100 unfinished transactions to 400 unfinished transactions with a step size of 100. Increasing the queue length beyond this point did not show any increase in throughput. Moreover, in case of NFTs, each client can have several tokens, which can be retrieved using Algorithm 7. In order to test this algorithm, experiments were conducted for the bulk read operation by running 4 iterations with 10,000 bulk read queries in one iteration with each bulk read query returning 10,000 NFT. The queue lengths were varied from 100 to 400 over the 4 iterations with a step size of 100. Queue lengths of more than 400 unfinished transactions did not result in any improvement in throughput. Table 3 shows a summary of key transactions such as read, write and key level endorsement policy configuration that were involved in each operation conducted in the experimental evaluation.PDF Image | Blockchain Based Transaction System with NFT
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