PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 028
Sensors 2021, 21, 3822 28 of 32 application. However, a quantitative evaluation of their proposal was not included in their work. Cioara et al. [70] presented an architecture of a blockchain-based smart grid platform and described challenges in implementation of future grid management scenarios such as energy trading, energy flexibility management and virtual power plants. Another work by some of the same authors [30] proposed a blockchain based energy market and described the theoretical framework for implementing the envisioned energy market for NFT assets with features such as registration, bids automation and offers matching. However, to our knowledge this is the first work that implements a unified energy transaction system in FT as well as NFT versions and draws a comparison between the two implementations in terms of design, algorithmic complexity, limitations and performance. 6. Conclusions In this study we presented a unified blockchain-based system for energy asset transac- tions among prosumers, EVs, Power Companies and Storage Providers. We implemented and performance tested this system in two versions, one with the energy assets as fungible tokens (FT) and another with non fungible tokens (NFT). We defined operations Create, Bid, Transfer and Redeem for NFT and FT. Additionally, we defined operations ReCreate and ReTransfer for FT, as outlined by the algorithms and token lifecycle presented in Section 3. Based on our analysis, we have the following conclusions: 1. The time and space complexities for Create, Bid, Transfer, Redeem and Read algo- rithms for NFT are both O(1). The time and space complexities for BulkRead for NFT are both O(n). 2. The time and space complexities for Create, ReCreate, Bid, Redeem and Read algo- rithms for FT are both O(1), while those for Transfer and ReTransfer algorithms for FT are both O(n). 3. Increasing the permitted queue of unfinished transactions increases the request send rate for all operations. Due to the increase in request send rate, the throughput as well as latency increases for all operations. 4. Increasing the transaction complexity i.e., the number of writes per operation de- creases the send rate and throughput achieved for the same queue length and compa- rable latency. 5. The performance of operations for FT and NFT is similar for Create, Bid, Transfer and Redeem. However, FT operations ReCreate and Retransfer are faster than Create and Transfer for both NFT and FT due to lower number of write operations. 6. For the NFT implementation, Bid and Redeem operations are the fastest, followed by Create and then by Transfer. In the FT implementation, the fastest operations are Bid, Re- deem and ReCreate, followed by Create and ReTransfer, followed by Transfer operation. 7. The FT implementation stores the total count of energy assets of a particular type in a single token, while NFT can have multiple tokens with energy assets of the same type. So, performance of retrieving all the energy assets of a particular type was observed to be vastly faster for FT (845 TPS, sub second latency) than for NFT (13 TPS, Latency over 18 s). 8. The NFT implementation avoids contention by creating new tokens with distinct keys whenever Create and Transfer operations are called. Moreover, as two buyers cannot bid on the same token by design, contention is avoided in the NFT implementation. FT tokens function like accounts so, contention is a consideration when two operations try to update the same account. The implementation and results from the performance testing of the presented energy transaction system with fungible and non fungible tokens provide a proof of concept and show the applicability of blockchain for transacting energy assets in a community based energy infrastructure. Both implementations have comparable performance for all major operations. However, querying for all energy assets owned by a client is a bottleneck for the NFT implementation and could be addressed by moving this operation off-chain. Contention between operations trying to update the same key is a limitation for FT and could be addressed by application based queuing of transactions based on dependency.PDF Image | Blockchain Based Transaction System with NFT
PDF Search Title:
Blockchain Based Transaction System with NFTOriginal File Name Searched:
sensors-21-03822-v2.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
IT XR Project Redstone NFT Available for Sale: NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. Can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Turbine IT XR Project Redstone Design: NFT for sale... NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Includes all rights to this turbine design, including license for Fluid Handling Block I and II for the turbine assembly and housing. The NFT includes the blueprints (cad/cam), revenue streams, and all future development of the IT XR Project Redstone... More Info
Infinity Turbine ROT Radial Outflow Turbine 24 Design and Worldwide Rights: NFT for sale... NFT for the ROT 24 energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. This design can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. You may manufacture the unit, or get the revenues from its sale from Infinity Turbine. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Supercritical CO2 10 Liter Extractor Design and Worldwide Rights: The Infinity Supercritical 10L CO2 extractor is for botanical oil extraction, which is rich in terpenes and can produce shelf ready full spectrum oil. With over 5 years of development, this industry leader mature extractor machine has been sold since 2015 and is part of many profitable businesses. The process can also be used for electrowinning, e-waste recycling, and lithium battery recycling, gold mining electronic wastes, precious metals. CO2 can also be used in a reverse fuel cell with nafion to make a gas-to-liquids fuel, such as methanol, ethanol and butanol or ethylene. Supercritical CO2 has also been used for treating nafion to make it more effective catalyst. This NFT is for the purchase of worldwide rights which includes the design. More Info
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
Infinity Turbine Products: Special for this month, any plans are $10,000 for complete Cad/Cam blueprints. License is for one build. Try before you buy a production license. May pay by Bitcoin or other Crypto. Products Page... More Info
| CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com | RSS | AMP |