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2.1.9 Smart Contracts In 1994 Nick Szabo, defined smart contracts as [6] "a computerized transaction protocol that executes the terms of a contract". The first blockchain to implement this idea was Ethereum [2] and it led to the development of many applications, especially in the finance sector. In comparison to Bitcoin, which allows limited scripting, Ethereum is a blockchain on which code written in a Turing-complete programming language can be executed. Once the code is written in a high-level language, it is compiled to low-level bytecode and can be deployed on the Ethereum network by sending it to the special 0x0 address. Next the contract is assigned its own address which can be used to access the features of the contract and call its functions. There are multiples high-level languages for writing Ethereum code, however our language of choice is Solidity. 2.1.10 Ethereum Virtual Machine The Ethereum virtual Machine (EVM) is a virtual state machine on the blockchian which modifies its state by running smart contract code. [7] It is a quasi-Touring-complete state machine, because the computation is bounded by the fee allocated for a transaction. This fee is called "gas" and it is necessary to avoid network-overuse and to make sure the blockchain is efficient. Anyone wanting to run code on Ethereum can purchase gas with Ether (the currency of Ethereum). The architecture is stack-based and there are three main components of storage: [7] • Memory: volatile, cleared for each message call. Reading is limited to 256 bits and writing to 8 or 256 bits. It can expand when accessing a different location, however this operation costs gas. • Storage: persistent between calls and is more expensive to initialise or modify. • Stack: all computations are performed on the stack, which has the bytecode of the smart contract loaded. The EVM instruction set includes the following operations: [8] • Arithmetic and bit-wise logic operations • Execution context inquiries • Memory, Storage and Stack access • Control flow operations • Logging, calling, and other operators 10PDF Image | NFT finance Leveraging Non-Fungible Tokens
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