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Design as search process Communication of research We follow an iterative build and evaluate approach. To further assess suitability of the artifact to its intended purpose and gain insights into the benefits and challenges, we additionally draw on extant literature on both the application and solution domain as suggested by Hevner et al. (2004) and perform semi-structured expert interviews (Schultze and Avital, 2011). As peer-reviewed literature is scarce in this new area of research, we also make use of publicly accessible Internet sources such as open-source code repositories, whitepapers and blog articles, which strengthens our domain knowledge and ensures the recency of this paper. We aim to provide clear information to both the management-oriented and technically-oriented audiences. The former benefits by the schematic UML diagram and theoretical reasoning about benefits and challenges, while for the latter we publish the entire source code of the project on GitHub, including all formal tests. This enables technical researchers and practitioners to replicate our work and/or build on it. Non-Fungible Tokens as Event Tickets Table 1. Mapping of DSR Guidelines by Hevner et al. (2004) and our Contributions Prototype Design and Development In this section, we present the design and development of our blockchain-based event ticketing system according to the DSR guidelines by Hevner et al. (2004). First, we briefly outline the verified problem statement and the design objectives for the prototype. Second, we elaborate the fundamental design decision that led to the choice of the Ethereum blockchain and NFTs as core component of the prototype. Finally, we present an overview of the resulting prototype design and briefly explain its application. Problem Statement and Derivation of Design Objectives Our literature analysis revealed the current problems in the event ticketing industry. To recap our findings, the status quo is not satisfactory for the two central stakeholders – the event organizer and the attendee, as multiple complaints at consumer protection agencies show (McMillan, 2016; Courty, 2017; NZ Herald, 2017). Following the relevance cycle laid out by Hevner (2007), we additionally validated our findings by interviewing the CEO of a ticketing firm, who contributed valuable expert knowledge. He largely confirmed our preliminary findings and added that it would be desirable for event organizers to directly interact with event attendees rather than the need to rely on intermediaries for trust and that an open protocol would be preferable over the opaque status quo. Table 2 gives a brief summary of the identified main problem areas. Problem area Description Lack of Trust No control over secondary market prices Dependence on intermediaries No immediate validation Lack of Transparency Consumers have to trust third parties when buying tickets on secondary markets and thus face the risk of purchasing fraudulent or invalidated tickets, that face the risk of being cancelled or are counterfeits (The Australian Government the Treasury, 2017). Consumers ticket prices on secondary markets are taken to extremes, partially through the use of bots which automatically drive up prices to earn a profit by reselling them at the highest possible markups (Courty, 2017). From the event organizer’s point of view, a major problem is the limited control over secondary transactions. Event organizers are dependent on intermediaries and bear financial risks while being cut off from windfall profits and direct relations with event attendees. Attendees cannot easily verify if their tickets are valid (Tackmann, 2017). A lack of transparency in the secondary market is evident in the event ticketing industry (Waterson, 2016) Table 2. Overview of Identified Problem Areas Fortieth International Conference on Information Systems, Munich 2019 6PDF Image | NFTs in Practice
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