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specific scenario. It guides the user through sequential decision criteria in form of questions. As the key question if all interacting parties can inherently be trusted was clearly answered with no, a blockchain solution is advisable according to the model. Since we positively answered the follow-up question if publicly available verification is necessary, the model advised making use of a public permissionless blockchain. Our design objectives provided a valuable guideline to select a blockchain with desired features. The Ethereum blockchain is a public and permissionless blockchain that supports smart contracts, and has the largest community of developers and rests on more than 60.000 nodes that run the network without a central point of failure (Beck et al., 2016). These properties enabled us to build an automated application that inherits the key features of the underlying blockchain such as decentralized trust, integrity, transparency, non- repudiation, and availability. Ethereum developed its own high-level programming languages which compile into bytecode that can be run on the Ethereum virtual machine; its most popular being Solidity which features a JavaScript-like syntax (Tikhomirov, 2018). Thus, we chose to develop the smart contract code for the prototype in Solidity. We relied on the development framework Truffle, which contains tools for the deployment of contracts and the testing library Mocha as well as ganache-cli, which provides a local Ethereum blockchain for testing (Truffle, 2019). Additionally, Infura provides access to public Ethereum test networks such as Ropsten without requiring us to set up our own full Ethereum node (Consensys, 2019). This toolkit proofed essential for efficient development, which is characterized by being test-driven and quick iterations (Janzen and Saiedian, 2005). Each of these choices is well-recognized and well-tested in the blockchain community, with more than 1 million users each (Mougayar, 2018). We used NFTs as the fundamental core component of our prototype, as they contribute to fulfilling our design goals thanks to their properties of uniqueness, indivisibility and transferability (Entriken et al., 2018). We reused the well- tested, audited and community-reviewed implementation of the ERC-721 standard by OpenZeppelin, which we extend by additional functions needed for our specific use case (OpenZeppelin, 2019). Resulting Prototype Adhering to the design objectives and design choices we had specified, we built a prototype that addresses the concerns of both the event organizer and the attendees. Following the DSR cycle laid out in the previous section, we took to an interactive approach and started with a very basic design to resolve a highly simplified and abstracted problem. After evaluation of the preliminary results and performance of unit tests, we refined the requirements and the design needed to solve it respectively. The resulting prototype should be viewed as a basic implementation that focuses on core features necessary to meet the design goals we specified. Figure 1 depicts an UML diagram that outlines the main functions of the prototype. Figure 1. UML Diagram (simplified) As the UML diagram shows, the only two entities participating in the simplified process are the event organizer and the event attendees. They conduct business solely by interacting with the smart contract – the need for a middleman is eliminated completely. The only requirement for the two parties is to own an account on the Ethereum blockchain, funded with some of its native cryptocurrency Ether, to interact with the smart contract. The sequence of interactions is numbered with 1-3 as depicted in the diagram. Non-Fungible Tokens as Event Tickets Fortieth International Conference on Information Systems, Munich 2019 8PDF Image | NFTs in Practice
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