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for the NFT smart contract and to use the cold wallet to prevent the private key leakage. Tampering. Tampering refers to the malicious modification of NFT data, which violates integrity. Assume that the blockchain is a robust public transaction ledger [81,82] and a hash algorithm is preimage resistance and second preimage resistance [100]. The metadata and ownership of NFTs cannot be maliciously modified after the transaction is confirmed. However, the data stored outside blockchain may be manipulated. Therefore, we recommend users to send both the hash data as well as the original data to the NFT buyer when trading/exchanging NFT-related properties. Table 1: Potential Security Issues and Corresponding Solutions of NFTs. STRIDE Spoofing (Authenticity) Tampering (Integrity) Repudiation (Non- repudiability) Information disclosure (Confidentiality) Denial of service (Availability) Elevation of privilege (Authorization) Security Issues • The hash data may bind with an attacker’s address. • A poorly designed smart contract may make NFTs lose such properties. Solutions • A formal verification on the smart contract. • Using the cold wallet to pre- vent the private key leakage. • Sending both the origi- nal data and hash data to the NFT buyer when trading NFTs. • Using a multi-signature con- tract partly. • Using privacy-preserving smart contracts instead of smart contracts to protect the user’s privacy. • Using the hybrid blockchain architecture with weak consen- sus algorithm. • A formal verification on the smart contracts. • An attacker may exploit au- thentication vulnerabilities • An attacker may steal a user’s private key. • The data stored outside the blockchain may be manipu- lated. • An attacker can easily ex- ploit the hash and transaction to link a particular NFT buyer or seller. • The NFT data may be- come unavailable if the asset is stored outside the blockchain. Repudiation. Repudiation refers to the situation where the author of a state- ment cannot dispute [117], which is related to the security property of non- repudiability [91]. In particular, the fact that a user sends NFT to another user cannot deny. This is guaranteed by the security of the blockchain and the un- forgeability property of a signature scheme. However, the hash data may be 9PDF Image | Non-Fungible Token (NFT): Overview, Evaluation, Opportunities
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NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
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