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Non-Fungible Token (NFT): Overview, Evaluation, Opportunities

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Non-Fungible Token (NFT): Overview, Evaluation, Opportunities ( non-fungible-token-nft-overview-evaluation-opportunities )

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stolen by a malicious attacker, or the hash data may bind with an attacker’s address. Thus, we believe that using a multi-signature contract can partly solve this issue since each binding must be confirmed by more than one participant. Information disclosure. Information leakage occurs when information is ex- posed to unauthorized users, which violates confidentiality [91]. In the NFT system, the state information and the instruction code in the smart contracts are entirely transparent, and any state and its changes are publicly accessible by any observer. Even if the user only puts the NFT hash into the blockchain, the malicious attackers can easily exploit the linkability of the hash and transac- tion. Thus, we recommend the NFT developer to use privacy-preserving smart contracts [89][90] instead of plain smart contracts to protect the user’s privacy. Denial of Service (DoS). DoS attack [92] is a type of network attacks in which a malicious attacker aims to render a server unavailable to its intended users by interrupting the normal functions. DoS violates the availability and breaks down the NFT service, which can indeed be used by unauthorized users. Fortunately, the blockchain guarantees the high availability of user’s operations. Legitimate users can use the required information when needed and will not lose data resources due to accidental errors. However, DoS can also be used to attack the centralized web applications or the raw data outside the blockchain, resulting in denial-of-service to NFT service. Recently, a new hybrid blockchain architecture with weak consensus algorithm was proposed [107], by which this architecture solves the availability issues using two algorithms. Elevation of Privilege. Elevation of Privilege [102] is a property that is related to the authorization. In this type of threat, an attacker may gain permissions beyond those initially granted. In the NFT system, the selling permissions are managed by a smart contract. Again, a poorly designed smart contract may make NFTs lose such properties. 5 Opportunities This section explores the opportunities of NFTs. We discuss several typical fields which may get benefits from NFTs. Boosting gaming industry. NFT has great potential in the gaming indus- try. There already exist some crypto games are CrytpoKitties [19], Cryptocats [18], CryptoPunks [20], Meebits [34], Axie Infinity [9], Gods Unchanged [29], and TradeStars [57]. A fascinating feature of such games is the “breeding” mecha- nism. Users can personally raise pets and spend much time breeding new off- spring. They can also purchase the limited/rare edition virtual pets, and then sell them at a high price. The extra reward attracts lots of investors to join the games, making NFTs come to prominence. Another exciting functions of the NFT are that it provides ownership records of items in the games and pro- motes economic marking place in the ecosystem, benefiting both developers and players. In particular, game developers who are NFT publishers of the features 10

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