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Blockchains provide decentralization but are expensive for data storage and never allow data to be removed. For example, because of the Ethereum blockchain's current storage limits and high maintenance costs, many projects' metadata is maintained off-chain. Developers utilize the ERC721 Standard, which features a method known as tokenURI. This method is implemented to let applications know the location of the metadata for a specific item. Currently, there are three solutions for off-chain storage, including InterPlanetary File System (IPFS), Pinata, and Filecoin. Uni. & Inst. Decentralized Identifiers Mint NFT Inventors SMEs Patent orgs. Grants & funding Patent-based NFT Certificate Validators/Miners Application Layer Blockchain Layer Verification Layer Authentication Layer Storage Layer Broadcast patent metadata Examination feedback Revise & proofread Request Response KYC Decentralized Identity, DID Decentralized Authentication Nodes On-ChainStorage NFTPlatforms 3.1.1. IPFS Off-ChainStorage Patent drawings InterPlanetary File System (IPFS) Patent meta Tx. data Addres ses Digital signature Smart contract Fig. 3. Proposed Architecture for Presenting NFT-Based Patent. InterPlanetary File System (IPFS) is a peer-to-peer hypermedia protocol for decentralized storage of media content. Because of the high cost of storing media files related to NFTS on Blockchain, IPFS can be the most affordable and efficient solution. IPFS combines multiple technologies inspired by Gita and BitTorrent, such as Block Exchange System, Distributed Hash Tables (DHT), and Version Control System 23. On a peer-to-peer network, DHT is used to coordinate and maintain metadata. In other words, the hash values must be mapped to the objects they represent. An IPFS generates a hash value that starts with the prefix 𝑄𝑚 and acts as a reference to a specific item when storing an object like a file. Objects larger than 256 KB are divided into smaller blocks up to 256 KB. Then a hash tree is used to interconnect all the blocks that are a part of the same object. IPFS uses Kamdelia DHT. The Block Exchange System, or BitSwap, is a BitTorrent-inspired system that is used to exchange blocks. It is possible to use asymmetric encryption to prevent unauthorized access to stored content on IPFS 24. 3.1.2. Pinata Pinata is a popular platform for managing and uploading files on IPFS. It provides secure and verifiable files for NFTs. Most data is stored off-chain by most NFTs, where a URL of the data is pointed to the NFT on the blockchain. The main problem here is that some information in the URL can change. This indicates that an NFT supposed to describe a certain patent can be changed without anyone knowing. This defeats the purpose of the NFT in the first place. This is where Pinata comes in handy. Pinata uses the IPFS to create content- addressable hashes of data, also known as Content-Identifiers (CIDs). These CIDs serve as both a way of retrieving data and a means to ensure data validity. Those looking to retrieve data simply ask the IPFS network for the data associated with 5PDF Image | Patents and Intellectual Property as NFT
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