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3) The service provider analyzes the login request, extracts the hash, queries the blockchain, and obtains identity information from an identity list (identity transactions). 4) The service provider responds with an authentication request when the above process is completed. A timestamp (to avoid a replay attack), the user's UserName, and a signature are all included in the authentication request. 5) The user creates a signature with five parameters: timestamp, UserName, and PK, as well as the UserName and PK of the service provider. The user authentication credential is used as the signature. 6) The service provider verifies the received information, and if the received information is valid, the authentication succeeds; otherwise, the authentication fails, and the user's login is denied. 1. Request identity transaction Import Secret key 2. Log-in request 4. AuthN request 5.Generate a signature 6.Ac cept/ reject Identity list S mar t contract Blockchain 3. Query identity info. User Service provider 3.3. Verification Layer Fig. 4. Decentralized Authentication. In permissioned blockchains, just identified nodes can read and write in the distributed ledger. Nodes can act in different roles and have various permissions. Therefore, a distributed system can be designed so that patent granting offices be the identified nodes. Here the system is described conceptually and at a high level. Fig. 5 illustrates the sequence diagram of this layer. This layer includes four levels as below: Digitalization: For a patent to publish as an NFT in the blockchain, it must have a digitalized format. This level is the "filling step" in traditional patent registering. An application could be designed in the application layer to allow users to enter different patent information online. Recording: Patents provide valuable information and would bring financial benefits for their owner. If they are publicly published in a blockchain network, miners may refuse the patent and take the innovation for themselves. At least it can weaken consensus reliability and encourage miners to misbehave. To prevent this, the inventor should record his innovation privately first using proof of existence. The inventor generates the hash of the patent document and records it in the blockchain. As soon as it is recorded in the blockchain, the timestamp and the hash are available for others publicly. Then, the inventor can prove the existence of the patent document whenever it is needed. Furthermore, using methods like Decision Thinking 33, an inventor can record each phase of patent development separately. In each stage, a user generates the hash of the finished part and publishes the hash regarding the last part's hash. Finally, they have a coupled series of hashes that indicate patent development, and they can prove the existence of each phase using the original related documents. This level should be done to prevent others from abusing the patent and taking it for themselves. The inventor can make sure that their patent document is recorded confidentially and immutably 34. Validating: In this phase, the inventors first create NFT for their patents and publish it to the miners/validators. Miners are some identified nodes that validate NFTs to record in the blockchain. Due to the specialization of the patent validation, miners cannot be inexpert public persons. In addition, patent offices are not too many to make the network fully decentralized. Therefore, the miners can be related specialist persons that are certified from the patent offices. They should receive a digital certificate from patent offices that show their eligibility to referee a patent. Digital Certificate: Digital certificates are digital credentials used to verify networked entities' online identities. They usually include a public key as well as the owner's identification. They are issued by Certification Authorities (CAs), who must verify the certificate holder's identity. Certificates contain cryptographic keys for signing, encryption, and decryption. Certificate Authority: A Certificate Authority (CA) issues digital certificates. CAs encrypt the certificate with their private key, which is not public, and others can decrypt the certificates containing the CA's public key. Here, patent office creates a certificate for requested patent referees. The patent office writes the information of the validator in their certificate and encrypt it with the patent offices' private key. The validator can use the certificate to assure others about their eligibility. Other nodes can check the requesting node's information by decrypting the certificate using the public key of the patent office. Therefore, persons can join the network's miners/validators using their credentials. In this phase, 7 Ap pli catio nPDF Image | Patents and Intellectual Property as NFT
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