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UNITED STATES PATENTOFICE. NIKOLA TESLA, OF NEW YORK, N. Y. METHOD OF INSULATING ELECTRIC CONDUCTORS. SPECIFICATIONformingpartofLettersPatentNo.655,838,datedAugust14,1900. AplicationfiledJune15,190, SerialNo.20,405. (Nospecimens.) ToallLuhon itnatyconcern: abovefactsandadvantageousintheutiliza BeitknownthatI,NIROLATESLA,aciti tionofelectricalenergyforindustrialand sulatingElectricConductors,ofwhichthe followingisaspecification,referencebeing hadtotheaccompanyingdrawings. IC) ZenoftheUnitedStates,residinginthebor commercialpurposes. Broadlystated,the55 oughofManhattan,inthecity,county,and methodconsistsininsulatinganelectriccon StateofNewYork,haveinventedcertainnew ductorbyfreezingorsolidifyingand main andusefulImprovementsinMethodsofIn propertieswhenconvertedintoice. Theex istinginformationonthissubject,however, hasbeenheretoforeofageneralnatureonly andchieflyderivedfromtheoriginalobserva tionsofFaraday,whoestimatedthatthesub Somematerialwhichiscapableofkeeping stancesuponwhichheexperimented,such theminsulatedwhenitisfrozenorsolidified. asWaterandaqueoussolutions,insulatean Thefrozenmassmaybeindirecttouchwith electrically-chargedconductoraboutonehun thesurroundingmediumoritmaybeinade dredtimesbetterwhenrenderedsolidby greeprotectedfromcontactwiththesameby75 aninclosuremoreorlesimpervioustoheat. Thecoolingagentmaybeanykindofliquid, preferablyoflowfreezing-point,asbrine,or itmaybeagas,asatmosphericair,oxygen, carboricacid,ammonia,illuminating-gas,or hydrogen. Itmaybeforcedthroughthe channelbygravity,pressure,orsuction,pro ducedmechanicallyorotherwise,orbyany otherkindofforce. Itmaybecontinually renewedorindefinitelyusedbybeingalter85 natelyvolatilizedandcondensedorevapo ratedandabsorbedandmechanicallydriven freezing,andnoattempthasbeenmadeto 25 improvethequalityoftheinsulationobtained bythismeansortopracticallyutilizeitfor suchpurposesasarecontemplatedinmypres entinvention. Inthecourseofmyownin vestigations,moreespeciallythoseoftheelec tricpropertiesofice,Ihavediscoveredsome novelandimportantfacts,ofwhichthemore prominentarethefollowing:first,thatunder certainconditions,whentheleakageofthe electricchargeordinarilytakingplaceisrig 35 orouslyprevented,iceprovesitselftobea muchbetterinsulatorthanhasheretoforeap backandforthorsteadilycirculatedina peared;second,thatitsinsulatingproperties maybestilfurtherimprovedbytheaddition ofotherbodiestothewater;third,thatthe 40 dielectricstrengthoficeorotherfrozen aqueoussubstanceincreaseswiththereduc tionoftemperatureandcorrespondingin creaseofhal'dness,and,fourth,thatthese bodiesaffordastilmoreeffectiveinsulation closedpathunderanysuitableconditionsas regardspressure,density,temperature,and90 velocity. Toconducetoabetterunderstandingofthe invention,referenceisnowmadetotheac companyingdrawings,inwhich Figures1,3,6,7,8,and9illustrateinlon95 gitudinalsectiontypicalwaysofcarrying 45 forconductorscarryingintermittentoralter outmyinvention;andFigs.2,4,5,and 10, natingcurents,particularlyofhighrates, insectionorpartlyso,constructivedetails Surprisingly-thinlayersoficebeingcapable tobedescribed. ofwithstandingelectromotiveforcesofmany InFig.1,Cisahollowconductor,suchasO hundredsandeventhousandsofvolts.These asteltube,laidinabodyofwaterandcom andotherobservationshaveledmetothein municatingwithareservoirr",butelectric ventionofanovelmethodofinsulatingcon alyinsulatedfromthesameati. A pump ductors,renderedpracticablebyreasonofthe orcompressorpofanysuitableconstruction taininginsuchstate,bythecirculationofa coolingagent,thematerialsurroundingor contiguoustotheconductor. Inthepracticalcarryingoutofmymethod Ithaslongbeenknownthatmanysub Imayemployahollowconductorandpass stanceswhicharemoreorlesconducting wheninthefluidconditionbecomeinsula torswhensolidified. Thuswater,whichis inameasureconducting,acquiresinsulating thecoolingagentthroughthesame,thus freezingthewaterorothermediumincon tactwithorclosetosuchconductor,orImay useexpresslyforthecirculationofthecool ingagentanindependentchannelandfreeze orsolidifytheadjacentsubstance,inwhich anynumberofconductorsmaybeembedded, TheconductorsmaybebareorcoveredwithPDF Image | Nikola Tesla Method of Insulating Electric Conductors 655838
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