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SIXTH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM NIKOLA TESLA October 18 – 20, 2006, Belgrade, SASA, Serbia Abstract – The most important part of the Nikola Tesla's works are his inventions, that are protected by numerous patents granted to him. Despite of significance of the Tesla's patents, an exceptionally small number of papers refers to Tesla's activities related to protection both of his inventions and patents as well. In this paper are presented the results of the latest investigation of Tesla patents both in the U.S. and other countries than the U.S. showing that Tesla had less than 300 patents in 26 different countries. Keywords – Nikola Tesla, Patents, Patent Families, Inventions I. INTRODUCTION Comparison of biographies of the three great scientists of Serbian origin, namely Milutin Milanković, Mihajlo Idvorsky Pupin and Nikola Tesla, shows considerably more differences than similarities among them. The same conclusion can be derived on the basis of comparative analysis of their works. Differing from the first two mentioned, Nikola Tesla did not make a classical academic carrier for himself. Though he was author of many articles, lectures, as well as works intended both for expert and general public, his papers have not been much cited. His most important works are his inventions, that are protected by numerous patents. Consequently, one can find descriptions and drawings of his inventions in appropriate patent specifications. This is the reason why the patents present the most important part of the works of Nikola Tesla. Keeping in mind that Tesla spent much time and money and put great effort into patenting his inventions as well, it is important to elucidate how many patents he obtained for them. II. PATENTS AND INVENTIONS The answer to this question is very simple indeed. In public, the terms "invention" and "patent" are often used as synonyms. However, although these terms are well known to all of us, their true meanings are very different. The purpose of a patent is to protect inventions. This protection gives exclusive rights to a patent holder, i.e. rights of property to make, use and sell the protected invention. Further, the patentee has the right to prevent any third person to do the same without his/her consent. Besides the rights on the part of patent owner, there are rights conferred to the ----------- 1Snežana Šarboh, MSc, is with Intellectual Property Office, Zmaj Jovina 21, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia, E-mail: sarbohs@yahoo.com inventor, as well, those are ethical rights, i.e. the right to be referred to as the creator of the invention. Duration of a patent rights is temporally limited, thus in most countries validity is 20 years, from the filing date of the patent application. Thereupon, it is open for general public and anyone may freely use the invention that was protected by the patent up to that moment. More important is, that the patent validity is territorially limited, i.e. it is in force only in the country, the competent authority of which granted that patent, while in the rest of the world, in all countries where the invention is not protected by a patent, the invention may be used freely. Despite of significance of the Tesla's patents, an exceptionally small number of papers refers to Tesla's activities related to protection of his inventions and patents as well. One of the important publications about Tesla's activities related to the protection of his inventions is [1]. A list of 112 patents, that Tesla held in the United States, was published in this book, as well as a list of 109 patents that he received in other countries. These lists contain a total of Tesla's 221 patents. In the introductory text titled "Patenti Nikole Tesle", Prof. Aleksandar Marinčić, PhD, claims that the total number of patents, that were issued on behalf of Tesla in the USA, is 112, according to the evidence of the Nikola Tesla Museum, but it is also noted that the list mentioned above, also contains patent No. 613,819, which was approved for an invention named "Filings tube", despite the fact that there was no reliable data that it was granted to Nikola Tesla. Many books, focussing mainly on Tesla's U.S. patents, were published in other countries, some of them containing complete lists of these Tesla's patents. On the other hand, Tesla's patents, registered in countries other than the United States, have not drawn as much attention, and therefore incomplete, inaccurate and unreliable data thereon have been published. Even today, on the Internet, there is an information that Tesla had more than 700 patents (from the web page http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Tesla_patents), which stands in serious disproportion to the figure of 221 Tesla's patents, specified in [1]. Nikola Tesla's Patents Snežana Šarboh1 In order to determine the accurate number of Tesla's patents, registered in the U.S. as well as in other countries, a team of experts - patent engineers of the Federal Intellectual Property Office (now: Intellectual Property Office), visited the Nikola Tesla Museum in 1992 and 1993. Their goal was to study and analyze archive material that is kept there, and based on it, establish a list of all of Tesla's patents, and to determine whether there had been any patent applications filed, for which patents had not been approved, and to check ifPDF Image | Nikola Tesla Patents
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