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have been required if the cost was paid in the base year (n). Cash flows expressed in current dollars in year m (Fm)can be transformed into constant dollar cash flows in any year n ( F,,)by removing the effect of inflation (e), This formula assumes a constant rate of inflation during the m-n y e a d The base year is defined as the year that the analysis is structured around (see the Time PointsPeriod subsection in Section 2). In the base year, constant and current dollar cash flows are the same, Riscussion It is important to be aware of inflation when conducting an analysis. It may be necessary to convert a slearn of cash flows from current dollars to constant dollars, or vice versa, using an inflation rate index. There are a number of inflation rate indices (e.g., Gross National Product [GNP], Gross Domestic Product [GDP], Consumer Price Index [CPI], and Producer Price Index [PPI]). Appendix A presents tables of historical inflation indices, including GNP, GDP, CPI, and PPL deflators. The CPI, which measures the average change in prices in a "basket"of goods and services and represents pricetrendsattheretaillevel,isprobablythemostwidelyfollowedinflationmeasure. ThenationalCPI is calculated by averaging the price changes of goods included in the basket for 85 separate locations in the nation every month. CPIs are a3so published on a regional, size-class, and cross-classification of region and size-class basis, and for 29 local areas. GNPisthemeasureofoutputsuppliedbyU.S.laborandproperty. AsofDecember1991,thefederal government has switched from GNP to GDP as the primary indicator of national production, primarily because nearly all other countries use GDP instead of GNP. GDP is the measure of the national output of goods and services at market prices, or the measure of output attributable to national located factors of production. Both measures represent economywide price trends. The actual levels of GNP and GDP differ very little, but percentage changes sorne~mesvary. Given the federal change, the availability of GNP measures will become more difficult to obtain, and it is recommended that GDP implicit price deflatorsbeused. TheimplicitpricedeflatoristhemeasureofthedifferencebetweencurrentdollarGDP (or GNP for GNP implicit price deflators) and constant dollar GDP. It is calculated by dividing the currentdollarGDPforaperiodbytheconstantdollarGDPinthesameperiod. Themovementsinthe GNP and GDP implicit price deflators closely track those of the CPI (U.S. Dept. of Commerce 1992). The PPI represents price trends at the wholesale level, based on nearly 3100 commodity price series. Though more erratic, patterns in the PPI normally track and foreshadow movements of the CPI, GNP, and GDP indices. Other inflation indices include the Industrial Materials Prices Index, the Dow Jones Commodity Spot Price Index, and the Futures Price Index. 'If infiation rates vary by year and it is important to account for this variation (i.e., an average annual rate will not suffice) the (1 + e)m-pnortion of the formula would have to be broken down into multiple periods with uniform inflation, i.e., (1 + e)m-nwould be replaced by (1 + el)ml-(n1 + e2)m2-m...'... (1 + er)mr-(m-l).PDF Image | A Manual for the Economic Evaluation of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Technologies
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