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(WACNC). Aswaspointedoutintheprevioussection,AppendixCdisplayshistoricalWACNCvalues based on historical returns to equity investors and after-tax interest paid on debt to arrive at an average WACNC of approximately 5% real (or 7% red when the tax deductibility of interest is not accounted for9). Present Value introduction Present value analysis is used to calculate today’s worth of a transaction that will occur in the future to account for changing dollar valuations. In other words, present value is a measure of today’s value of revenues or costs to be incurred in the future (Samuelson and Nordhaus 1985). Because present value is fundamental, it is important to understand the issues surrounding its components and what is being assumed in the present value analysis. Discussion The present value of a dollar received or paid in the future can be calculated by multiplying the future cashflowbyapresentvaluediscountfactor,usedtodiscountfuturecashflowsbacktothepresent. The formulas for present value and the present value interest factor are as follows: Where: PV = PVIF, xF, and PVFn = 1 (1 + d)” PV = present value PVWn = present value interest factor = cash flow n years in the future d = annualdiscountrate.” Therefore: PV = PVIF, x Fn= Fn ’The after-tax interest rate assumes that the highest marginal tax rate is paid by industry. In reality, however, the actual rate paid is frequently less than thh, making the actual historical real returns to investors after taxes somewhere between 5.0% and 7.0%. “Although this manual presents only annual discount rates and cash flows, discount rates and cash flows can be expressed for any period (i.e., monthly). In fact, discount and interest rates can be expressed continuously (see Appendix E: Monthly and Continuous Discount Rates). 12 1 (1 + d)” Fn (2-7)PDF Image | A Manual for the Economic Evaluation of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Technologies
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