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I I 1 For exampJe, assume an investment of $10,000 made at the beginning of the year, no salvage value, and O&M costs21of $2,300 in year zero, inflating at an assumed inflation rate of 3% per year thereafter. Furthemore, assume that the investment is not replaced, a 5-year double-declining depreciation schedule, a marginal federal income tax rate of 34%, no state income tax, and a nominal discount rate of 12%. In addition, the investment produces 1000unitsof energy in the first year of operation, 950 in the second, 925 in the third, and 900 in the fourth and fifth. The energy is sold for $10 a unit in year zero, inflating at3%peryearthereafter. Table4-1illustxatesthecurrentdollarafter-taxcashflowcalculation. Discussion The formula for NPV can be expressed as: NPV=CFn=F,+ F, "+ F2+...4- FN (4-1) Year 0 1 2 3 4 5 Investment (4 $ 10,000 0 0 0 0 0 O&M Costs (b) $ 0 1,339 Revenues ( c ) $ 0 Depreciation (d) $ 0 4,000 Net Taxable Income (e) = (c-b-d) NA $4,961 Federal h o m e Tax (9= e x tax NA After-Tax Cash Flow (9) = (c-a-bf) $ -f0,000 7,274 Where: NPV = net present value = net cash flow in year n N = analysisperiod d = annualdiscountrate. Fn nd (1 +d)" (1+d)' (1+d)2 (1+d)N Table4-1. CalculationofCurrentDollarAfter-TaxCashFlow $ 1,687 10,079 2,400 6,300 2,142 6,558 10,108 1,440 7,247 2,464 6,223 10,300 1,379 1,421 1,463 1,507 10,434 1,080 7,847 2,668 6,259 10,130 1,080 7,587 2,580 6,087 After-tax cash flows are now applied to the NPV formulation (discounted at 12%) to calculate the NPV as shown in Table 4-2. 'lFor the purposes of this manual, O&M represent annual operating, maintenance, and %el expenses. 40PDF Image | A Manual for the Economic Evaluation of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Technologies
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